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Do tax policies discriminate against female traders? A gender framework to study informal marketplaces in Nigeria

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  • Imaobong Akpan
  • Mª Josep Cascant‐Sempere

Abstract

Scholars have long debated formalizing the informal sector through taxation, but how do these processes affect gender inequalities? Our study in Nigerian markets contributes a gender framework to the equitable taxation literature on formalization. The study draws on a survey of 451 traders in 12 markets, key informant interviews, and ethnographic research in four markets of two states. We find that in at least two situations taxation policies discriminated against women implicitly: (1) male tax collectors had higher incidences of harassment on all traders and (2) taxing traders with flat taxes penalized women, as they earned less than men but were taxed the same. 长期以来,学者们一直在辩论通过税收将非正式部门正规化,但这些过程如何影响性别不平等?我们对尼日利亚市场的研究为关于正规化的公平税收文献提供了一个性别框架。该研究基于对12个市场的451名商人的调研、关键知情人访谈、以及在两个州四个市场中进行的民族志研究。我们发现,至少在两种情况下,税收政策暗中歧视女性:1)男性税务员对所有商人的骚扰发生率更高;2)以单一税率对商人征税会将女性置于不利地位,因为她们的收入低于男性,但征税率相同。 Los académicos han debatido durante mucho tiempo la formalización del sector informal a través de impuestos, pero ¿cómo afectan estos procesos a las desigualdades de género? Nuestro estudio en los mercados de Nigeria aporta un marco de género a la literatura sobre tributación equitativa sobre la formalización. El estudio se basa en una encuesta de 451 comerciantes en 12 mercados, entrevistas con informantes clave e investigación etnográfica en cuatro mercados de dos estados. Encontramos que en al menos dos situaciones, las políticas tributarias discriminaban implícitamente a las mujeres: 1) los recaudadores de impuestos masculinos tenían una mayor incidencia de acoso en todos los comerciantes; 2) gravar a los comerciantes con impuestos fijos penalizaba a las mujeres, ya que ganaban menos que los hombres pero pagaban los mismos impuestos.

Suggested Citation

  • Imaobong Akpan & Mª Josep Cascant‐Sempere, 2022. "Do tax policies discriminate against female traders? A gender framework to study informal marketplaces in Nigeria," Poverty & Public Policy, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 14(3), pages 287-306, September.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:povpop:v:14:y:2022:i:3:p:287-306
    DOI: 10.1002/pop4.349
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Ms. Janet Gale Stotsky, 1996. "Gender Bias in Tax Systems," IMF Working Papers 1996/099, International Monetary Fund.
    2. Daniela Maria Casale, 2012. "Indirect Taxation and Gender Equity: Evidence from South Africa," Feminist Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 18(3), pages 25-54, July.
    3. Prichard, Wilson & van den Boogaard, Vanessa, 2017. "Norms, Power, and the Socially Embedded Realities of Market Taxation in Northern Ghana," Working Papers 13742, Institute of Development Studies, International Centre for Tax and Development.
    4. Jonas Richter, 2019. "Formalisation Through Taxation," Springer Books, Springer, number 978-3-030-29282-9, December.
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