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The sustainability of China’s Urban Employees’ Pension Programme: A case of getting old before getting rich?

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  • Mel Cousins

Abstract

This article examines the sustainability of China’s Urban Employees’ Pension Programme – the main component in China’s overall old‐age support system. It looks at the sustainability of the programme generally and, in particular, at case studies of two areas (Tianjin municipality and Guangxi province) to highlight both the extent of regional variations and the common challenges facing Chinese policy‐makers. It discusses a number of key issues that should assist policy‐makers to address the challenge of population ageing. It concludes that the challenge facing China is no more severe than that already faced by other countries in Europe and Asia. Moreover, the ageing of the population is not uniform across the regions of China. Consequently, those areas where the demographic shift is more advanced will provide some opportunity for policy experimentation. Given the experience to date of slow progress on various aspects of pension policy reform, the article suggests that it seems unlikely that paradigmatic change will be significant. Nonetheless, the study suggests a range of parametric policy measures that China should consider. The challenge facing China’s policy‐makers is to ensure that China gets old and rich at the same time. Cet article porte sur la viabilité du régime de retraite chinois pour les salariés vivant en milieu urbain – qui constitue la principale composante du système de retraite chinois. L’auteur examine la viabilité du programme en général et des études de cas relatives à deux zones en particulier (la municipalité de Tianjin et la province de Guangxi) pour mettre en évidence l’ampleur des disparités régionales mais aussi les défis communs auxquels sont confrontés les responsables publics chinois. Il aborde plusieurs aspects importants susceptibles d’aider les décideurs à trouver des solutions face au vieillissement de la population. Il constate que le défi à relever par la Chine n’est pas plus grand que celui auquel ont déjà été confrontés d’autres pays, en Europe et en Asie. De plus, toutes les régions du pays ne connaissent pas le même vieillissement. En conséquence, celles où le changement démographique est plus avancé constitueront un terrain de choix pour expérimenter des politiques. Selon l’article, les progrès ayant jusqu’à présent été lents en ce qui concerne diverses dimensions de la réforme du système de retraite, il est peu probable qu’un changement paradigmatique d’ampleur ait lieu. Néanmoins, l’étude recommande une série de réformes paramétriques. Le défi que doivent relever les responsables publics chinois consiste à faire en sorte que la population vieillisse mais aussi dispose de davantage de ressources. En este artículo se analiza la sostenibilidad del régimen de pensiones para empleados urbanos de China, componente principal del sistema general de pensiones de vejez de este país. Se estudia la viabilidad del programa en general y, en particular, los casos de dos regiones, el municipio de Tianjin y la provincia de Guangxi, con el fin de poner de manifiesto tanto el alcance de las diferencias regionales como los desafíos comunes a los que se enfrentan los responsables de las políticas chinos. Se analizan diversas cuestiones fundamentales que podrían ayudar a los responsables de las políticas a abordar la cuestión del envejecimiento de la población. Se llega a la conclusión de que el desafío al que se enfrenta China no es mayor que el que encaran otros países de Europa y Asia. Además, el envejecimiento de la población no se produce de manera uniforme en todas las regiones del país asiático, por lo que aquellas zonas en las que se observa un mayor avance del cambio demográfico brindan la oportunidad de poner a prueba las estrategias políticas. Teniendo en cuenta la lentitud con que se ha avanzado hasta la fecha en los diferentes aspectos de la reforma de las políticas de pensiones, en el artículo se indica que parece poco probable que el cambio de paradigma sea significativo. Aun así, en el estudio se presentan diversas medidas de política paramétricas que China debería considerar. El desafío al que se enfrentan los responsables de la formulación de políticas en China es asegurar que el ritmo de envejecimiento y de enriquecimiento de la población sea adecuado. In diesem Artikel wird die Tragfähigkeit des chinesischen Rentenprogramms für Angestellte in Städten untersucht, des wichtigsten Teils des allgemeinen chinesischen Altersvorsorgesystems. Analysiert wurde die Tragfähigkeit des Programms im Allgemeinen sowie anhand von Fallstudien in zwei Regionen (Stadt Tianjin und autonomes Gebiet Guangxi) im Besonderen, um sowohl das Ausmaß der regionalen Unterschiede als auch die gemeinsamen Herausforderungen für die politischen Entscheidungsträger Chinas zu ermitteln. Im Artikel werden einige wichtige Themen diskutiert, die politischen Entscheidungsträgern bei der Bewältigung der Bevölkerungsalterung helfen dürften. Die Schlussfolgerung lautet, dass die Herausforderung für China nicht größer ist als diejenige, die bereits andere Länder Europas und Asiens kennen. Darüber hinaus ist die Alterung der Bevölkerung nicht in allen Regionen der Volksrepublik gleich weit fortgeschritten. Gebiete mit einer ausgeprägteren demografischen Verschiebung bieten somit eine Gelegenheit, politische Strategien auszutesten. Angesichts der derzeit nur langsamen Fortschritte in zahlreichen Aspekten der Rentenpolitik‐Reform wird im Artikel der Standpunkt vertreten, dass ein abrupter Paradigmenwechsel unwahrscheinlich scheint. Dennoch werden einige parametrische politische Maßnahmen vorgeschlagen, die China beachten sollte. Die Herausforderung für die politischen Entscheidungsträger Chinas liegt nun darin sicherzustellen, dass die Bevölkerung nicht nur älter, sondern auch wohlhabender wird. В статье анализируется устойчивость программы пенсионного обеспечения городских работников в Китае – главной опоры общенациональной системы обеспечения в старости. Автор статьи анализирует устойчивость программы в целом и на конкретных примерах двух областей (муниципалитета Тяньцзинь и провинции Гуанси) в частности; это позволяет оценить масштаб различий между регионами и общие вызовы, с которыми сталкиваются руководящие органы Китая. В статье рассматривается ряд ключевых вопросов, которые должны помочь им решать проблему старения населения. По мнению автора, задача, стоящая перед Китаем, не труднее той, которую уже решают другие страны Европы и Азии. Кроме того, старение населения происходит неравномерно в разных частях Китая. Поэтому там, где демографический сдвиг выражен более явно, имеются определённые возможности для экспериментирования средствами политики. Ввиду медленных темпов реформирования целого ряда направлений пенсионной политики автор статьи предполагает, что парадигма вряд ли изменится существенным образом. Тем не менее результаты исследования указывают на ряд параметрических мер в сфере государственной политики, которые достойны рассмотрения. Трудная задача, которую должны решить руководящие органы Китая, заключается в том, чтобы граждане страны старели и богатели в одно и то же время. 本文研究了中国养老整体支持系统的主要组成部分——中国城镇职工养老保险计划的可持续性。文章着眼于计划的整体可持续性, 特别是通过两个地区 (天津市和广西省)的案例研究, 反映了地区的差异程度以及中国政策制定者面临的共同挑战。文章探讨了一系列能够帮助政策制定者应对人口老龄化挑战的关键问题。结论是, 中国面临的挑战与欧洲和亚洲其他国家一样严峻。此外, 老龄化人口在中国的地区分布并不均衡。因此, 人口结构变化更早的地区可以为政策试验提供一些机会。迄今为止, 养老保险政策改革的各个方面进展颇为缓慢, 鉴于此, 本文认为在模式方面不太可能发生重大变革。尽管如此, 研究建议中国应考虑一系列参数化政策措施。中国政策制定者面临的挑战是确保中国边富边老。 يدرس هذا المقال استدامة برنامج المعاشات التقاعدية للموظفين في المدن في الصين – وهو العنصر الأساسي في نظام الدعم المقدم للشيخوخة إجمالاً في الصين. وينظر المقال بصورة عامة في استدامة البرنامج، وبصوة خاصة في دراسات حالات إفرادية في منطقتين: (بلدية تيانجين ومقاطعة غوانسي) لإبراز نطاق الفوارق الإقليمية والتحديات المشتركة التي تواجه صانعي السياسات في الصين. ويناقش المقال عدداً من المسائل الأساسية التي من شأنها أن تساعد صانعي السياسات في التصدي لتحدي شيخوخة السكان. ويخلُص إلى أن التحدي الذي يواجه الصين ليس أكثر حدة من التحدي الذي يواجه باقي البلدان في أوروبا وآسيا. وإضافةً إلى ذلك، تتباين الشيخوخة في الصين بتباين مناطقها. ونتيجةً لذلك، سوف توفر المناطق التي تكون فيها النقلة الديمغرافية أكثر تطوراً فرصة أكبر لتجريب السياسات. وبالنظر إلى التجربة التي تحققت حتى الآن للتقدم البطيء بشأن جوانب متنوعة من إصلاح سياسة المعاشات التقاعدية، تفيد الدراسة بأن من المستبعد على ما يبدو أن يكون التغير في النموذج فارقاً. ومع ذلك، تقترح الدراسة مجموعةً من التدابير السياسة العامة المعيارية التي ينبغي للصين النظر فيها. ويتمثل التحدي الذي يواجه صانعي السياسات في الصين في ضمان أن تتقدم الصين في السن وأن تغتني في الوقت نفسه. Este artigo examina a sustentabilidade do Programa de Aposentadorias de Funcionários Urbanos da China – o principal componente do sistema geral de apoio à velhice na China. O artigo analisa a sustentabilidade do programa em geral e, em particular, os estudos de caso de duas áreas (distrito de Tianjin e província de Guangxi) para destacar a extensão das variações regionais e os desafios comuns que enfrentam os legisladores chineses. Também discute uma série de questões‐chave que podem ajudar os legisladores a enfrentar o desafio do envelhecimento da população. A conclusão é que o desafio vivido pela China não é mais grave do que outros países da Europa e da Ásia já enfrentaram. Além disso, o envelhecimento da população não é uniforme nas regiões da China. Em consequência, as áreas onde a mudança demográfica é mais avançada propiciarão oportunidades para experimentação de políticas. Por conta do lento progresso atual em vários aspectos da reforma da política previdenciária, este artigo sugere que parece improvável que a mudança paradigmática seja significativa. No entanto, o estudo sugere uma série de medidas de política paramétrica que deveriam ser consideradas pela China. O desafio dos legisladores da China é assegurar que o país envelheça e enriqueça ao mesmo tempo.

Suggested Citation

  • Mel Cousins, 2021. "The sustainability of China’s Urban Employees’ Pension Programme: A case of getting old before getting rich?," International Social Security Review, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 74(1), pages 59-77, January.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:intssr:v:74:y:2021:i:1:p:59-77
    DOI: 10.1111/issr.12257
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    References listed on IDEAS

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