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China’s development of a multi‐tier pension system

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  • Tianhong Chen
  • John A. Turner

Abstract

China has made a number of major changes to its pension system in the period 2014–2020, and is in the process of establishing a multi‐tier old‐age pension system, consisting of programmes provided by the government, voluntary programmes provided by enterprises, and voluntary programmes established by individuals. Policy objectives are to reduce the fragmentation in its pension system; deal with population ageing; and diversify risks by involving the government, enterprises as well as individuals. This article shows that while China has a complex system for urban workers, the coverage provided by its multi‐tier system is uneven, with the second and third tiers being in the early stages of development. La Chine, qui a engagé plusieurs réformes ambitieuses de son système de retraite au cours de la période 2014–2020, est en passe d’instaurer un système de retraite à plusieurs piliers, composé de programmes financés par l’État, de régimes facultatifs proposés par les entreprises et de programmes facultatifs souscrits par les particuliers. L’objectif est de réduire la fragmentation du système de retraite, de faire face au vieillissement de la population et de diversifier les risques en impliquant les autorités publiques, les entreprises et les particuliers. Cet article montre que si la Chine est dotée d’un système complexe pour les travailleurs qui vivent en milieu urbain, la couverture garantie par son système à plusieurs piliers est pour l’heure inégale, les deuxième et troisième piliers étant encore peu développés. China introdujo una serie de cambios importantes en su sistema de pensiones durante el periodo 2014–2020, y está en proceso de establecer un sistema de pensiones de vejez de múltiples pilares, que consiste en programas gubernamentales, programas voluntarios proporcionados por las empresas y programas voluntarios individuales. Los objetivos de política en este contexto son reducir la fragmentación del sistema de pensiones, hacer frente al envejecimiento de la población y diversificar los riesgos mediante la participación del gobierno, las empresas y las personas. En este artículo se pone de manifiesto que, si bien China cuenta con un sistema complejo para los trabajadores urbanos, la cobertura que ofrece su sistema de múltiples pilares, cuyo segundo y tercer pilares aún se hallan en las etapas iniciales de desarrollo, está distribuida de forma desigual. China hat im Zeitraum 2014‐2020 eine Reihe umfangreicher Veränderungen seines Rentensystems vorgenommen und ist derzeit dabei, ein mehrsäuliges Altersrentensystem einzurichten, das aus staatlichen Programmen, freiwilligen Betriebsprogrammen und freiwilligen privatwirtschaftlichen Programmen besteht. Die politischen Ziele lauten: Verringerung der Fragmentierung des Rentensystems, angemessene Reaktion auf die Bevölkerungsalterung und Verteilung der Risiken auf Regierung, Unternehmen und Einzelne. Dieser Artikel zeigt, dass China zwar über ein komplexes System für Arbeitnehmer in Städten verfügt, aber die Deckung durch das mehrsäulige System, dessen zweite und dritte Säule sich derzeit in einer frühen Entwicklungsphase befinden, relativ ungleich verteilt ist. В период с 2014 по 2020 год в системе пенсионного обеспечения Китая произошли большие перемены. В стране создаётся многоуровневая система поддержки в старости, которая включает в себя государственные программы, программы добровольного страхования пенсий на предприятиях и программы добровольного страхования пенсий частных лиц. Среди целей политики – уменьшить раздробленность пенсионной системы, приступить к решению проблемы старения населения и диверсифицировать риски, распределив их между государством, предприятиями и отдельными гражданами. Авторы статьи показывают, что хотя в Китае создана комплексная система пенсионного обеспечения городских работников, охват многоуровневой системы неравномерен, поскольку её второй и третий уровни находятся на начальных этапах формирования. 摘要 2014年至2020年期间, 中国对养老保险制度进行了一系列重大改革, 目标是建立由政府提供的计划、企业提供的自愿计划以及个人建立的自愿计划组成的多层次养老保险制度。其政策目标是降低养老保险制度的碎片化程度;应对人口老龄化;通过政府、企业和个人的共同参与将风险分散。本文表明, 中国的城镇职工制度较为复杂, 多层次制度的覆盖面并不均衡, 第二和第三支柱仍处于发展的早期阶段。 أدخلت الصين عدداً من التغييرات الكبيرة في نظامها الخاص بالمعاشات التقاعدية في الفترة 2014‐2020، وهي بصدد إنشاء نظام معاشات تقاعدية متعدد المستويات يتمثل في برامج توفرها الحكومة وبرامج طوعية توفرها المنشآت وبرامج طوعية يُنشئها الأفراد. وتتمثل أهداف السياسة العامة في الحد من الانقسامات في نظام المعاشات التقاعدية، والتعامل مع شيخوخة السكان، وتقليل المخاطر من خلال إشراك الحكومة والمنشئات والأفراد. ويُبيِّن هذا المقال أنه في حين أن الصين تحوز على نظام معقد للعمال في المدن، إلا أن التغطية الموفرة من خلال نظامها متعدد المستويات غير متساوية، إذ أن المستويين الثاني والثالث يتواجدان في المراحل الأولى من التطوير. A China fez uma série de mudanças importantes em seu sistema de aposentadorias de 2014 a 2020, e está no processo de estabelecer um sistema de aposentadoria por idade de vários níveis, composto de programas do governo, programas voluntários oferecidos por empresas e programas voluntários estabelecidos por indivíduos. Os objetivos da política são reduzir a fragmentação em seu sistema de aposentadorias, lidar com a questão do envelhecimento da população e diversificar os riscos envolvendo governo, empresas e também indivíduos. Este artigo mostra que embora a China disponha de um complexo sistema para trabalhadores urbanos, a cobertura fornecida por seu sistema de vários níveis é desigual, pois o segundo e o terceiro níveis estão nos estágios iniciais de desenvolvimento.

Suggested Citation

  • Tianhong Chen & John A. Turner, 2021. "China’s development of a multi‐tier pension system," International Social Security Review, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 74(1), pages 35-58, January.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:intssr:v:74:y:2021:i:1:p:35-58
    DOI: 10.1111/issr.12256
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Edward Whitehouse, 2009. "Pensions During the Crisis: Impact on Retirement Income Systems and Policy Responses," The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance - Issues and Practice, Palgrave Macmillan;The Geneva Association, vol. 34(4), pages 536-547, October.
    2. Tianhong Chen & John A. Turner, 2014. "Extending social security coverage to the rural sector in China," International Social Security Review, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 67(1), pages 49-70, January.
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