IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/wly/ijfiec/v28y2023i2p1638-1652.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

The effects of the internal control system on the risk, profitability, and compliance of the U.S. banking sector: A quantitative approach

Author

Listed:
  • Andreas G. Koutoupis
  • Theodore Malisiovas

Abstract

This is strong quantitative research investigating whether and how the components of the internal control system affect the credit risk, profitability, and compliance of the U.S. banking sector. Based on the COSO Framework, Basel Committee Frameworks, and the literature, the components of the internal controls are quantified. This quantitative nature distinguishes this study from others in this field since most of the studies up to now have investigated these topics by theoretical approaches. Eleven independent variables are analysed in three different regression models, with credit risk, profitability, and compliance being the dependent variables in each model. After cleaning the data from outliers, several tests are performed, while a panel set of data is used comprising the 210 biggest U.S. bank holding companies. Fixed‐effects regression is applied in the three models, while the years under examination are the five fiscal years 2013–2017. Most of the data are taken from the proxy statements (DEF 14A) and the 10‐K statements because of their qualitative nature. The key results indicate that Risk Assessment, Control Activities, and Information and Communication components strongly affect credit risk. The first (Control Environment) and last (Monitoring) components have a significant effect on credit risk, though only from the perspective of the board's number and the expertise of the audit committee, respectively. In the same line, internal controls significantly affect the profitability and compliance of U.S. banks, except for the Risk Assessment component in the first case and the Control Environment component in the second case, respectively. Control Activities component and the Information and Communication component have a significant and positive relationship with the banks' profitability, while these two components are significantly and negatively correlated with the banks' compliance.

Suggested Citation

  • Andreas G. Koutoupis & Theodore Malisiovas, 2023. "The effects of the internal control system on the risk, profitability, and compliance of the U.S. banking sector: A quantitative approach," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 28(2), pages 1638-1652, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:wly:ijfiec:v:28:y:2023:i:2:p:1638-1652
    DOI: 10.1002/ijfe.2498
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://doi.org/10.1002/ijfe.2498
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1002/ijfe.2498?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Hichem Khlif & Khaled Samaha, 2016. "Audit committee activity and internal control quality in Egypt: Does external auditor’s size matter?," Managerial Auditing Journal, Emerald Group Publishing, vol. 31(3), pages 269-289, March.
    2. Mendoza Rufo & Rivera John Paolo R., 2017. "The Effect of Credit Risk and Capital Adequacy on the Profitability of Rural Banks in the Philippines," Scientific Annals of Economics and Business, Sciendo, vol. 64(1), pages 83-96, March.
    3. Zhang, Yan & Zhou, Jian & Zhou, Nan, 2007. "Audit committee quality, auditor independence, and internal control weaknesses," Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, Elsevier, vol. 26(3), pages 300-327.
    4. Jengchung Victor Chen & I-Han Lu & David C. Yen & Andree E. Widjaja, 2017. "Factors affecting the performance of internal control task team in high-tech firms," Information Systems Frontiers, Springer, vol. 19(4), pages 787-802, August.
    5. Jayati Sarkar & Subrata Sarkar, 2018. "Bank Ownership, Board Characteristics and Performance: Evidence from Commercial Banks in India," IJFS, MDPI, vol. 6(1), pages 1-30, February.
    6. Rufo MENDOZA & John Paolo R. RIVERA, 2017. "The Effect Of Credit Risk And Capital Adequacy On The Profitability Of Rural Banks In The Philippines," Scientific Annals of Economics and Business (continues Analele Stiintifice), Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, vol. 64(1), pages 83-96, March.
    7. Ozcan ISIK & Ali Riza INCE, 2016. "Board Size, Board Composition and Performance: An Investigation on Turkish Banks," International Business Research, Canadian Center of Science and Education, vol. 9(2), pages 74-84, February.
    8. Han Li, 2015. "Managerial Ability and Internal Control Quality: Evidence from China," International Journal of Financial Research, International Journal of Financial Research, Sciedu Press, vol. 6(2), pages 54-66, April.
    9. M. Hashem Pesaran, 2021. "General diagnostic tests for cross-sectional dependence in panels," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 60(1), pages 13-50, January.
    10. Serfling, Matthew A., 2014. "CEO age and the riskiness of corporate policies," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 25(C), pages 251-273.
    11. Ozili, Peterson K, 2015. "Determinants of Bank Profitability and Basel Capital Regulation: Empirical Evidence from Nigeria," MPRA Paper 61048, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    12. Stergios Leventis & Pauline Weetman, 2004. "Timeliness of financial reporting: applicability of disclosure theories in an emerging capital market," Accounting and Business Research, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 34(1), pages 43-56.
    13. Maria-Eleni K. Agoraki & Manthos D. Delis & Panagiotis K. Staikouras, 2010. "The effect of board size and composition on bank efficiency," International Journal of Banking, Accounting and Finance, Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, vol. 2(4), pages 357-386.
    14. Ozili, Peterson K, 2015. "Determinants of Bank Profitability and Basel Capital Regulation: Empirical Evidence from Nigeria," MPRA Paper 61069, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    15. Doyle, Jeffrey & Ge, Weili & McVay, Sarah, 2007. "Determinants of weaknesses in internal control over financial reporting," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 44(1-2), pages 193-223, September.
    16. Daniel Hoechle, 2007. "Robust standard errors for panel regressions with cross-sectional dependence," Stata Journal, StataCorp LP, vol. 7(3), pages 281-312, September.
    17. Mwafag Rabab’ah & Omar Al-Sir & Ali A. Alzoubi, 2017. "The Impact of the Audit Committees' Properties on the Quality of the Information in the Banking Financial Reports: A Survey on Saudi Commercial Banks," International Business Research, Canadian Center of Science and Education, vol. 10(11), pages 175-192, November.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Stela CIOBU & Ion CARA, 2022. "Effects Of Internal Control System On Credit Risk And Financial Performance Of The Moldovan Banks," Contemporary Economy Journal, Constantin Brancoveanu University, vol. 7(2), pages 41-54.
    2. Madhur Bhatia & Rachita Gulati, 2023. "Does ‘inter-bank’ horizontal pay disparity influence performance? Evidence from emerging economy," International Journal of Disclosure and Governance, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 20(4), pages 327-343, December.
    3. Ayhan, Fatih & Elal, Onuray, 2023. "The IMPACTS of technological change on employment: Evidence from OECD countries with panel data analysis," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 190(C).
    4. Skare, Marinko & Gavurova, Beata & Sinkovic, Dean, 2023. "Regional aspects of financial development and renewable energy: A cross-sectional study in 214 countries," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 1142-1157.
    5. Bertoli, Simone & Fernández-Huertas Moraga, Jesús, 2013. "Multilateral resistance to migration," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 102(C), pages 79-100.
    6. Dilla, Diana, 2017. "Staatsverschuldung und Verschuldungsmentalität [Public Debt and Debt Mentality]," MPRA Paper 79432, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    7. Kai Daniel Schmid & Michael Schmidt, 2012. "EMU and the Renaissance of Sovereign Credit Risk Perception," IAW Discussion Papers 87, Institut für Angewandte Wirtschaftsforschung (IAW).
    8. Ines Maraghni & Mehdi Nekhili & Tawhid Chtioui, 2016. "Caractéristiques du comité d'audit et étendue du reporting sur le contrôle interne : cas des entreprises françaises," Post-Print hal-01901185, HAL.
    9. Lars P. Feld & Ekkehard A. Köhler & Julia Wolfinger, 2020. "Modeling fiscal sustainability in dynamic macro-panels with heterogeneous effects: evidence from German federal states," International Tax and Public Finance, Springer;International Institute of Public Finance, vol. 27(1), pages 215-239, February.
    10. Albert MILLOGO & Ines TROJETTE & Nicolas PÉRIDY, 2021. "Are government policies efficient to regulate immigration? Evidence from France," Region et Developpement, Region et Developpement, LEAD, Universite du Sud - Toulon Var, vol. 53, pages 23-49.
    11. Chan, Lilian H. & Chen, Kevin C.W. & Chen, Tai-Yuan & Yu, Yangxin, 2012. "The effects of firm-initiated clawback provisions on earnings quality and auditor behavior," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 54(2), pages 180-196.
    12. Canh Phuc Nguyen & Su Dinh Thanh & Bach Nguyen, 2022. "Economic uncertainty and tourism consumption," Tourism Economics, , vol. 28(4), pages 920-941, June.
    13. Singh, Amarendra Pratap & Narayanan, Krishnan, 2016. "How can weather affect crop area diversity? Panel data evidence from Andhra Pradesh, a rice growing state of India," Studies in Agricultural Economics, Research Institute for Agricultural Economics, vol. 118(2), pages 1-10, August.
    14. Ozili, Peterson, K, 2016. "Bank Profitability and Capital Regulation: Evidence from Listed and non-Listed Banks in Africa," MPRA Paper 75856, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    15. Seon Mi Kim & Yura Kim, 2017. "Product market competition on the effectiveness of internal control," Asia-Pacific Journal of Accounting & Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 24(1-2), pages 163-182, April.
    16. Miles Parker, 2018. "The Impact of Disasters on Inflation," Economics of Disasters and Climate Change, Springer, vol. 2(1), pages 21-48, April.
    17. Gianko Michailidis & Concepció Patxot & Meritxell Solé, 2019. "Do pensions foster education? An empirical perspective," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 51(38), pages 4127-4150, August.
    18. Umar, Bamanga & Alam, Md. Mahmudul & Al-Amin, Abul Quasem, 2021. "Exploring the Contribution of Energy Price to Carbon Emissions in African Countries," OSF Preprints ru4jz, Center for Open Science.
    19. Eduardo Polloni-Silva & Diogo Ferraz & Flávia de Castro Camioto & Daisy Aparecida do Nascimento Rebelatto & Herick Fernando Moralles, 2021. "Environmental Kuznets Curve and the Pollution-Halo/Haven Hypotheses: An Investigation in Brazilian Municipalities," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(8), pages 1-19, April.
    20. Trofimov, Ivan D., 2020. "The optimum size of public education spending: panel data evidence," MPRA Paper 106847, University Library of Munich, Germany.

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:wly:ijfiec:v:28:y:2023:i:2:p:1638-1652. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Wiley Content Delivery (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.interscience.wiley.com/jpages/1076-9307/ .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.