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PCAOB Inspections: Public Accounting Firms on “Trial”

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  • Kimberly D. Westermann
  • Jeffrey Cohen
  • Greg Trompeter

Abstract

The objective of our article is to obtain a better understanding of how auditors anticipate the potential for PCAOB inspection, experience the inspection, cope with the consequences of the inspection, and understand the PCAOB's influence within the context of professionalism. We use a qualitative approach that uses both surveys (55) and interviews (20) of auditors (of varying rank and firm) across a five‐year period (2012–2017). Respondents suggest that PCAOB inspectors are powerful, representing the “prosecution,” “judge,” and “jury” of the auditing profession. We therefore use a structural metaphor of the PCAOB inspection as a judicial “trial.” By controlling the criteria used to evaluate performance, inspectors have the power to repeatedly “subpoena,” “interrogate,” and return a “verdict” on the firm (auditor); those judged as “guilty” require supervised “probation.” This process is perceived as having improved audit quality but at a cost. Passing an inspection is so important that auditors (firms) have resorted to impression management strategies and “functionally stupid” work practices (e.g., excessive documentation, a decrease in critical thinking as a result of a “box ticking” approach to auditing). Furthermore, some respondents believe that being a good auditor has come at the expense of being a good accountant; the emphasis on audit process and concurrent de‐emphasis on technical accounting could ultimately lead to audits themselves falling short. In addition, it is evident that inspectors and auditors differ in their perceptions of risk, likely manifesting because inspectors are standards‐focused while auditors (firms) are methodology‐focused. Finally, the inspection process has created excessive stress and tension, beyond budget and fee pressures, which some auditors perceive as affecting the pool of talented auditors that firms may be able to attract and retain in the future. Inspections du PCAOB : le « tribunal » des cabinets d'expertise comptable Les auteurs ont pour but d'acquérir une meilleure compréhension de la façon dont les auditeurs anticipent la possibilité d'une inspection du PCAOB, subissent cette inspection, en gèrent les conséquences et perçoivent l'influence du PCAOB dans le contexte du professionnalisme. Ils emploient une méthode qualitative faisant appel à la fois à des sondages (55) et à des entrevues (20) menés auprès d'auditeurs (d’échelons et de cabinets divers), sur une période de cinq ans (2012 à 2017). Les participants estiment que les inspecteurs du PCAOB ont beaucoup de pouvoir, puisqu'ils sont à la fois « incriminateurs », « juges » et « jurés » à l’égard de la profession d'audit. Recourant à une métaphore structurelle, les auteurs associent donc l'inspection du PCAOB à un « procès » devant un tribunal. En contrôlant les critères servant à évaluer la performance, les inspecteurs ont le pouvoir de « citer à comparaître », d’« interroger » et de rendre un « verdict » à l’égard du cabinet (de l'auditeur) ; les intimés qui sont jugés « coupables » doivent se soumettre à une « probation » sous surveillance. Ce processus, estime‐t‐on, a amélioré la qualité de l'audit, mais cette amélioration a un coût. L’épreuve de l'inspection est une expérience d'une telle importance que les auditeurs (les cabinets) se livrent à des stratégies de gestion des relations et à des pratiques de travail déraisonnables sur le plan fonctionnel (par exemple, en abusant de la documentation et en adoptant une méthode d'audit systématisée — suivant l'ordre des « cases à cocher » — qui compromet leur sens critique). En outre, certains participants sont d'avis que les compétences en audit se perfectionnent aux dépens des compétences en comptabilité ; le fait de mettre l'accent sur le processus d'audit et d'accorder concurremment moins d'importance à la technique comptable pourrait, en définitive, nuire à la qualité même des audits. Au surplus, de toute évidence, les inspecteurs et les auditeurs ont une perception différente du risque qui tient vraisemblablement au fait que les inspecteurs se concentrent sur les normes alors que les auditeurs (les cabinets) se préoccupent de la méthodologie. Enfin, le processus d'inspection engendre un excès de stress et de tension, au‐delà des pressions relatives au budget et aux honoraires, ce qui, du point de vue de certains auditeurs, a une incidence sur le bassin d'auditeurs talentueux que les cabinets pourraient réussir à recruter et à maintenir en poste dans l'avenir.

Suggested Citation

  • Kimberly D. Westermann & Jeffrey Cohen & Greg Trompeter, 2019. "PCAOB Inspections: Public Accounting Firms on “Trial”," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 36(2), pages 694-731, June.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:coacre:v:36:y:2019:i:2:p:694-731
    DOI: 10.1111/1911-3846.12454
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    1. Franzen, Laurel & Meckfessel, Michele & Moehrle, Stephen R. & Reynolds-Moehrle, Jennifer A., 2015. "Developments in accounting regulation: A synthesis and annotated bibliography of evidence and commentary in the 2013 academic literature," Research in Accounting Regulation, Elsevier, vol. 27(2), pages 138-159.
    2. Franzen, Laurel & Meckfessel, Michele & Moehrle, Stephen R. & Reynolds-Moehrle, Jennifer A., 2015. "Developments in accounting regulation: A synthesis and annotated bibliography of evidence and commentary in the 2012 academic literature," Research in Accounting Regulation, Elsevier, vol. 27(1), pages 21-38.
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    Cited by:

    1. Goodson, Brian M. & Grenier, Jonathan H. & Maksymov, Eldar, 2023. "When law students think like audit litigation attorneys: Implications for experimental research," Accounting, Organizations and Society, Elsevier, vol. 104(C).
    2. Hanlon, Michelle & Shroff, Nemit, 2022. "Insights into auditor public oversight boards: Whether, how, and why they “work”," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 74(1).
    3. Bryan K. Church & Narisa Tianjing Dai & Xi (Jason) Kuang & Xuejiao Liu, 2020. "The Role of Auditor Narcissism in Auditor–Client Negotiations: Evidence from China," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 37(3), pages 1756-1787, September.
    4. van Brenk, Herman & Renes, Remko & Trompeter, Gregory M., 2022. "Auditing in the public interest: Reforming the profession by building on the strengths of the existing accounting firms," CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON ACCOUNTING, Elsevier, vol. 83(C).
    5. Sarah B. Stuber & Chris E. Hogan, 2021. "Do PCAOB Inspections Improve the Accuracy of Accounting Estimates?," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 59(1), pages 331-370, March.
    6. Matthew Bamber & Santhosh Abraham, 2020. "On the “Realities” of Investor‐Manager Interactivity: Baudrillard, Hyperreality, and Management Q&A Sessions†," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 37(2), pages 1290-1325, June.
    7. Christensen, Brant & Lei, Lijun (Gillian) & Shu, Sydney Qing & Thomas, Wayne, 2023. "Does audit regulation improve the underlying information used by managers? Evidence from PCAOB inspection access and management forecast accuracy," Accounting, Organizations and Society, Elsevier, vol. 106(C).
    8. Prabashi Dharmasiri & Soon-Yeow Phang & Ashna Prasad & John Webster, 2022. "Consequences of Ethical and Audit Violations: Evidence from the PCAOB Settled Disciplinary Orders," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 179(1), pages 179-203, August.
    9. Henry L. Friedman & Lucas Mahieux, 2021. "How Is the Audit Market Affected by Characteristics of the Nonaudit Services Market?," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 59(3), pages 959-1020, June.
    10. Christine Gimbar & Molly Mercer, 2021. "Do Auditors Accurately Predict Litigation and Reputation Consequences of Inaccurate Accounting Estimates?," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 38(1), pages 276-301, March.
    11. Edgley, Carla & Holland, Kevin, 2021. "“Unknown unknowns” and the tax knowledge gap: Power and the materiality of discretionary tax disclosures," CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON ACCOUNTING, Elsevier, vol. 81(C).
    12. Kohler, Hervé & Pochet, Christine & Gendron, Yves, 2021. "Networks of interpretation: An ethnography of the quest for IFRS consistency in a global accounting firm," Accounting, Organizations and Society, Elsevier, vol. 95(C).
    13. Dunne, Neil J. & Brennan, Niamh M. & Kirwan, Collette E., 2023. "How the Big Four maintain and defend logic equilibrium at concurrent performances," CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON ACCOUNTING, Elsevier, vol. 94(C).
    14. Kenneth L. Bills & Christie Hayne & Sarah E. Stein & Richard C. Hatfield, 2021. "Collaborating with Competitors: How Do Small Firm Accounting Associations and Networks Successfully Manage Coopetitive Tensions?," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 38(1), pages 545-585, March.
    15. Dermarkar, Simon & Hazgui, Mouna, 2022. "How auditors legitimize commercialism: A micro-discursive analysis," CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON ACCOUNTING, Elsevier, vol. 83(C).
    16. Daoust, Laurence & Malsch, Bertrand, 2019. "How ex-auditors remember their past: The transformation of audit experience into cultural memory," Accounting, Organizations and Society, Elsevier, vol. 77(C), pages 1-1.
    17. Herron, Eddward T. & Cornell, Robert M., 2021. "Creativity amidst standardization: Is creativity related to auditors’ recognition of and responses to fraud risk cues?," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 132(C), pages 314-326.
    18. Tamara A. Lambert & Marietta Peytcheva, 2020. "When Is the Averaging Effect Present in Auditor Judgments?," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 37(1), pages 277-296, March.
    19. Eldar Maksymov & Jeffrey Pickerd & D. Jordan Lowe & Mark E. Peecher & Andrew Reffett & Dain C. Donelson, 2020. "The Settlement Norm in Audit Legal Disputes: Insights from Prominent Attorneys$," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 37(3), pages 1400-1443, September.
    20. Knechel, W. Robert & Park, Hyun Jong, 2022. "Audit firm political connections and PCAOB inspection reports," Accounting, Organizations and Society, Elsevier, vol. 100(C).

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