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What Have We Learned About Earnings Management? Integrating Discontinuity Evidence

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  • David Burgstahler
  • Elizabeth Chuk

Abstract

The accounting literature includes numerous examples of discontinuities at prominent benchmarks that are widely interpreted as evidence that earnings are managed to meet those benchmarks. However, there are a few examples where discontinuities do not exist, which are sometimes interpreted as inconsistent with earnings management. Alternative explanations for discontinuities have also been suggested. This paper reviews, evaluates, and integrates the available evidence and concludes that the theory that earnings are managed to meet benchmarks provides the simplest and most complete explanation for the body of discontinuity†related evidence.La littérature comptable regorge d'exemples de discontinuités à des valeurs de référence essentielles largement interprétés comme attestant la gestion du résultat de manière en vue de l'atteinte de ces valeurs. Il existe cependant quelques exemples de cas dans lesquels les discontinuités sont inexistantes, situation que l'on juge parfois incompatible avec la gestion du résultat. D'autres explications des discontinuités ont aussi été suggérées. Les auteurs étudient, évaluent et compilent les éléments probants disponibles et concluent que la théorie selon laquelle le résultat est géré de manière à ce que les valeurs de référence soient atteintes fournit l'explication la plus simple et la plus complète, en ce qui a trait à l'ensemble des éléments probants liés aux discontinuités.

Suggested Citation

  • David Burgstahler & Elizabeth Chuk, 2017. "What Have We Learned About Earnings Management? Integrating Discontinuity Evidence," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 34(2), pages 726-749, June.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:coacre:v:34:y:2017:i:2:p:726-749
    DOI: 10.1111/1911-3846.12301
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    Cited by:

    1. Pavol Durana & Lucia Michalkova & Andrej Privara & Josef Marousek & Milos Tumpach, 2021. "Does the life cycle affect earnings management and bankruptcy?," Oeconomia Copernicana, Institute of Economic Research, vol. 12(2), pages 425-461, June.
    2. Eiler, Lisa A. & Filzen, Joshua J. & Jackson, Mark & Tama-Sweet, Isho, 2021. "Real earnings management and the properties of analysts' forecasts," Advances in accounting, Elsevier, vol. 55(C).
    3. Thomas A. Gilliam, 2021. "Detecting Real Activities Manipulation: Beyond Performance Matching," Abacus, Accounting Foundation, University of Sydney, vol. 57(4), pages 619-653, December.
    4. Sebastian Lebert & Ulf Mohrmann & Ulrike Stefani, 2021. "Rounding up performance measures in German firms: Earnings cosmetics or earnings management on a larger scale?," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 48(3-4), pages 564-586, March.
    5. Alhababsah, Salem & Alhaj-Ismail, Alaa, 2023. "Does shared tenure between audit committee chair and engagement partner affect audit outcomes? Evidence from the UK," The British Accounting Review, Elsevier, vol. 55(2).
    6. Andrzej Piosik, 2021. "Revenue Identification in Attaining Consensus Estimates on Income Predictions: The Function of Ownership Concentration and Managerial Ownership Confirmation from Poland," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(23), pages 1-16, December.
    7. Anantharaman, Divya & Chuk, Elizabeth & Kamath, Saipriya, 2021. "Location, location, location! Real effects from the mandated removal of pension expected return from operating income," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 108931, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
    8. Naser Makarem & Frank Hong Liu & Lei Chen, 2023. "Evidence that financing decisions contribute to the zero-earnings discontinuity," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 60(1), pages 231-257, January.
    9. Iwasaki, Takuya & Kitagawa, Norio & Shuto, Akinobu, 2023. "Managerial discretion over initial earnings forecasts," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 77(C).
    10. Adam Bordeman & Peter Demerjian, 2022. "Do Borrowers Intentionally Avoid Covenant Violations? A Reexamination of the Debt Covenant Hypothesis," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 60(5), pages 1741-1774, December.
    11. Igor Goncharov & Vasso Ioannidou & Martin C. Schmalz, 2017. "(Why) Do Central Banks Care About Their Profits?," CESifo Working Paper Series 6546, CESifo.
    12. Leonidas Enrique de la Rosa & Nikolaj Kirkeby Niebuhr, 2019. "Loss aversion and the zero-earnings discontinuity," Economics Working Papers 2019-09, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University.
    13. Paul A. Griffin & David H. Lont, 2021. "Evidence of an increasing trend in earnings surprises over the past two decades: The role of positive manager‐initiated non‐GAAP adjustments," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 48(9-10), pages 1525-1559, October.
    14. Song, Qian & Holland, Kevin, 2023. "The quality of tax accounting for financial reporting purposes: International evidence from the United Kingdom," Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation, Elsevier, vol. 52(C).
    15. Yang, Jingwen & Hemmings, Danial & Jaafar, Aziz & Jackson, Richard H.G., 2022. "The real earnings management gap between private and public firms: Evidence from Europe," Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation, Elsevier, vol. 49(C).
    16. Byzalov, Dmitri & Basu, Sudipta, 2019. "Modeling the determinants of meet-or-just-beat behavior in distribution discontinuity tests," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 68(2).
    17. Chardonnens, Patrick & Fiechter, Peter & Wallmeier, Martin, 2022. "The disappearance of the zero-earnings discontinuity: SOX, dotcom boom or gradual decline?," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 49(C).
    18. Michael Lacina & B. Brian Lee & Dong Wuk Kim, 2018. "Management of Revenue and Earnings in Korean Firms Influenced by Cognitive Reference Points," Review of Pacific Basin Financial Markets and Policies (RPBFMP), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 21(02), pages 1-36, June.

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