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Researching for Accounting Precedents: Learning, Efficiency, and Effectiveness

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  • STEVEN SALTERIO

Abstract

. This article addresses two important questions about auditing and audit research: How do auditors learn from experience? How can auditor behavior be studied in context? To answer the first question, I investigated whether established learning theory applies in one audit setting despite suggestions that the audit does not provide an environment conductive to learning. In investigating whether learning occurred, I explored the issues of auditor efficiency and effectiveness. To study auditor learning over an extended period in a real task and incentive setting, I employed archival data from a Big Six firm. The benefits of exploring the effects of “real†life†auditor behavior without interference by the researcher come at a cost. Using archival data poses several methodological questions that do not usually have to be addressed by behavioral accounting researchers. Thus, the tradeoffs involved in the archival approach to studying auditor behavior are explored. In addition, this article provides descriptive information about an audit setting not studied to date: the central research unit. This setting involves having auditors examine financial accounting problems, an activity not well understood by audit researchers. I show, consistent with learning theory and despite the problematic nature of the audit environment for learning, that the auditors display definite improvements in efficiency and effectiveness. I use this study to illustrate the challenges of employing archival data to explore auditor behavior. Résumé. L'auteur se penche sur deux questions importantes relatives à la vérification et à la recherche en ce domaine: Comment les vérificateurs apprennent†ils de l'expérience? Comment le comportement d'un vérificateur peut†il être étudié en contexte? Pour répondre à la première question, l'auteur s'est demandé si la théorie reconnue de l'apprentissage s'appliquait dans un contexte particulier de vérification, malgré certains doutes quant au caractère ≪ pédagogique ≫ de l'environnement de vérification. L'auteur étudie les questions de l'efficience et de l'efficacité du vérificateur dans le but de déterminer s'il y a apprentissage. Afin d'étudier l'apprentissage du vérificateur sur une période prolongée dans une tâche concrète et dans un contexte propre à l'apprentissage, il emploie les données d'archives d'un cabinet figurant au nombre des six grands. Les avantages que l'on peut tirer de l'étude des conséquences du comportement du vérificateur en situation concrète, sans interférence de la part du chercheur, ont un prix. L'utilisation des données d'archives soulève maintes questions méthodologiques que n'ont habituellement pas à se poser les chercheurs qui s'intéressent aux aspects comportementaux de la comptabilité. Les compromis qu'exige le recours à la méthode des données d'archives dans l'étude du comportement du vérificateur sont donc analysés. L'auteur livre, en outre, des renseignements descriptifs en ce qui a trait à un contexte de vérification jamais étudié auparavant: l'unité de recherche centrale. Dans ce contexte, les vérificateurs doivent se pencher sur des problèmes de comptabilité financière, activité que ne comprennent pas à fond les chercheurs en vérification. L'auteur démontre, conformément à la théorie de l'apprentissage et malgré les problèmes que pose l'apprentissage dans un environnement de vérification, que l'efficience et l'efficacité des vérificateurs enregistrent des améliorations indubitables. Son étude fait ressortir les difficultés que suppose l'emploi de données d'archives dans l'analyse du comportement des vérificateurs.

Suggested Citation

  • Steven Salterio, 1994. "Researching for Accounting Precedents: Learning, Efficiency, and Effectiveness," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 11(1), pages 515-542, June.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:coacre:v:11:y:1994:i:1:p:515-542
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1911-3846.1994.tb00454.x
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    1. Utz Schäffer & Michael Zyder, 2007. "Eine Analyse des moderierenden Einflusses der Faktoren Wettbewerbsintensität, Marktdynamik und dezentrale Autonomie auf die erfolgreiche Gestaltung der Budgetierung," Metrika: International Journal for Theoretical and Applied Statistics, Springer, vol. 18(1), pages 7-33, April.
    2. Salterio, Steven, 1996. "The effects of precedents and client position on auditors' financial accounting policy judgment," Accounting, Organizations and Society, Elsevier, vol. 21(5), pages 467-486, July.
    3. McCracken, Susan & Salterio, Steven E. & Gibbins, Michael, 2008. "Auditor-client management relationships and roles in negotiating financial reporting," Accounting, Organizations and Society, Elsevier, vol. 33(4-5), pages 362-383.
    4. Steven Salterio & Ross Denham, 1997. "Accounting Consultation Units: An Organizational Memory Analysis," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 14(4), pages 669-691, December.
    5. Jeffrey R. Cohen & Gregory M. Trompeter, 1998. "An Examination of Factors Affecting Audit Practice Development," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 15(4), pages 481-504, December.
    6. Jean Bã‰Dard, 1994. "Discussion of “Researching for Accounting Precedents: Learning, Efficiency, and Effectiveness†," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 11(1), pages 543-551, June.
    7. Gold-Nöteberg, A.H. & Knechel, W.R. & Wallage, P., 2008. "The Effect of Audit Standards on Fraud Consultation and Auditor Judgment," ERIM Report Series Research in Management 11687, Erasmus Research Institute of Management (ERIM), ERIM is the joint research institute of the Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University and the Erasmus School of Economics (ESE) at Erasmus University Rotterdam.
    8. Salterio, S. & Koonce, L., 1997. "The persuasiveness of audit evidence: The case of accounting policy decisions," Accounting, Organizations and Society, Elsevier, vol. 22(6), pages 573-587, August.
    9. Steven E. Salterio, 2008. "A Strategy for Dealing with Financial Reporting Fraud: Fewer Mandates, More Auditing," Accounting Perspectives, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 7(2), pages 111-122, May.

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