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From Citizen Control to Co-Production

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  • Jovanna Rosen
  • Gary Painter

Abstract

Problem, research strategy, and findings: Sherry Arnstein’s classic “A Ladder of Citizen Participation” still shapes our understanding of citizen participation within and beyond planning. However, Arnstein’s citizen control offers communities only partial authority. Rather, community control does not fundamentally alter the political and economic power differences between stakeholders that limit community influence over outcomes. In response, we describe a co-production participation model for inclusive participation to help communities confront the political and economic power relationships that limit their influential participation. Residents directly and influentially engage in a dynamic and iterative problem-solving process throughout problem formation and implementation. Co-production recognizes that truly inclusive community development requires adaptive and enduring processes to address the political and economic power inequalities that shape local decision making. In this way, co-production offers an evolving participation model, rather than a specific outcome or process, to continually refine strategies toward more equitable processes. To illustrate this argument, we describe a community-based initiative in California’s Coachella Valley. We trace the initiative’s evolution toward a co-production model of community engagement, shifting the initiative’s strategies and goals toward greater community power. This evidence shows how a co-productive model can more effectively tackle political and economic power imbalances through adaptive, flexible, and long-term participatory processes.Takeaway for practice: Co-production models can offer new ways for planning practitioners to advance more inclusive community participation, with greater resident power sharing. Fundamentally, planners and local practitioners must extend participation beyond engagement and inclusion, using adaptive, long-term participation models, with capacity building and resource sharing, to build and sustain community power. This sustained approach challenges traditional government decision-making models, requiring power holders to shift greater power, resources, and influence toward communities. Power holders must hold spaces of power for communities while simultaneously building resident ability to effectively gain, retain, and exert local control.

Suggested Citation

  • Jovanna Rosen & Gary Painter, 2019. "From Citizen Control to Co-Production," Journal of the American Planning Association, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 85(3), pages 335-347, July.
  • Handle: RePEc:taf:rjpaxx:v:85:y:2019:i:3:p:335-347
    DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2019.1618727
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Albertson Kevin & Fox Chris & O’Leary Chris & Painter Gary, 2020. "Towards a Theoretical Framework for Social Impact Bonds," Nonprofit Policy Forum, De Gruyter, vol. 11(2), pages 1-10, July.
    2. Abood Khaled Alamoudi & Rotimi Boluwatife Abidoye & Terence Y. M. Lam, 2022. "The Impact of Stakeholders’ Management Measures on Citizens’ Participation Level in Implementing Smart Sustainable Cities," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(24), pages 1-21, December.
    3. April Jackson & Tisha Holmes & Tyler McCreary, 2020. "Gown Goes to Town: Negotiating Mutually Beneficial Relationships between College Students, City Planners, and a Historically Marginalized African-American Neighborhood," Societies, MDPI, vol. 10(3), pages 1-24, August.
    4. Richard Peter Bailey & Suria Angit, 2022. "Conceptualising Inclusion and Participation in the Promotion of Healthy Lifestyles," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(16), pages 1-14, August.
    5. Jooseok Oh & Minho Seo, 2022. "Evaluation of Citizen–Student Cooperative Urban Planning and Design Experience in Higher Education," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(4), pages 1-18, February.
    6. Tschakert, Petra & Parsons, Meg & Atkins, Ed & Garcia, Alicea & Godden, Naomi & Gonda, Noemi & Henrique, Karen Paiva & Sallu, Susannah & Steen, Karin & Ziervogel, Gina, 2023. "Methodological lessons for negotiating power, political capabilities, and resilience in research on climate change responses," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 167(C).

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