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Detecting automatically generated sentences with grammatical structure similarity

Author

Listed:
  • Nguyen Minh Tien

    (Univ. Grenoble Alpes)

  • Cyril Labbé

    (Univ. Grenoble Alpes)

Abstract

Automatically generated papers have been used to manipulate bibliography indexes on numerous occasions. This paper is interested in different means to generate texts such as recurrent neural network, Markov model, or probabilistic context free grammar, and if it is possible to detect them using a current approach. Then, probabilistic context free grammar (PCFG) is focused on as the one most used. However, even though there have been multiple approaches to detect such types of paper, they are all working at the document level and are unable to detect a small amount of generated text inside a larger body of genuinely written text. Thus, we present the grammatical structure similarity measurement to detect sentences or short fragments of automatically generated text from known PCFG generators. The proposed approach is tested against a pattern checker and various common machine learning methods. Additionally, the ability to detect a modified PCFG generator is also tested.

Suggested Citation

  • Nguyen Minh Tien & Cyril Labbé, 2018. "Detecting automatically generated sentences with grammatical structure similarity," Scientometrics, Springer;Akadémiai Kiadó, vol. 116(2), pages 1247-1271, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:scient:v:116:y:2018:i:2:d:10.1007_s11192-018-2789-4
    DOI: 10.1007/s11192-018-2789-4
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Amancio, Diego R. & Oliveira Jr., Osvaldo N. & Costa, Luciano da F., 2012. "Structure–semantics interplay in complex networks and its effects on the predictability of similarity in texts," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 391(18), pages 4406-4419.
    2. Diego Raphael Amancio & Cesar Henrique Comin & Dalcimar Casanova & Gonzalo Travieso & Odemir Martinez Bruno & Francisco Aparecido Rodrigues & Luciano da Fontoura Costa, 2014. "A Systematic Comparison of Supervised Classifiers," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 9(4), pages 1-14, April.
    3. Paul Ginsparg, 2014. "ArXiv screens spot fake papers," Nature, Nature, vol. 508(7494), pages 44-44, April.
    4. Diego Raphael Amancio, 2015. "Comparing the topological properties of real and artificially generated scientific manuscripts," Scientometrics, Springer;Akadémiai Kiadó, vol. 105(3), pages 1763-1779, December.
    5. Diego Raphael Amancio, 2015. "A Complex Network Approach to Stylometry," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 10(8), pages 1-21, August.
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    Cited by:

    1. Guillaume Cabanac & Ingo Frommholz & Philipp Mayr, 2018. "Bibliometric-enhanced information retrieval: preface," Scientometrics, Springer;Akadémiai Kiadó, vol. 116(2), pages 1225-1227, August.
    2. Tingting Zhang & Baozhen Lee & Qinghua Zhu, 2019. "Semantic measure of plagiarism using a hierarchical graph model," Scientometrics, Springer;Akadémiai Kiadó, vol. 121(1), pages 209-239, October.

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