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The Effects of Area and Individual Social Characteristics on Suicide Risk: A Multilevel Study of Relative Contribution and Effect Modification

Author

Listed:
  • Pekka Martikainen

    (University of Helsinki
    University College London Medical School)

  • Netta Mäki

    (University of Helsinki)

  • Jenni Blomgren

    (University of Helsinki)

Abstract

The aim of this study is to analyse how area characteristics affect suicide mortality and to assess whether the effects of individual socio-economic characteristics vary in socio-economically different areas. Data come from the 1990 census records of 15–99-year-old Finns linked to death records in 1991–2001 including 13,589 suicides. Area characteristics were obtained for 85 functional regions. We show that hypotheses of interaction between individual and area socio-economic status for suicide mortality are not supported. However, area socio-economic characteristics, family cohesion and voting turnout are consistently related to suicide. The effects of median income and income inequality are less consistent. Adjusting for individual level variables partly attenuate these associations. The results indicate that improving the areas people live in may prevent suicide.

Suggested Citation

  • Pekka Martikainen & Netta Mäki & Jenni Blomgren, 2004. "The Effects of Area and Individual Social Characteristics on Suicide Risk: A Multilevel Study of Relative Contribution and Effect Modification," European Journal of Population, Springer;European Association for Population Studies, vol. 20(4), pages 323-350, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:eurpop:v:20:y:2004:i:4:d:10.1007_s10680-004-3807-1
    DOI: 10.1007/s10680-004-3807-1
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Agerbo, Esben & Sterne, Jonathan A.C. & Gunnell, David J., 2007. "Combining individual and ecological data to determine compositional and contextual socio-economic risk factors for suicide," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 64(2), pages 451-461, January.
    2. Kravdal, Øystein, 2009. "Mortality effects of average education in current and earlier municipality of residence among internal migrants, net of their own education," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 69(10), pages 1484-1492, November.
    3. Hagedoorn, Paulien & Helbich, Marco, 2022. "Longitudinal effects of physical and social neighbourhood change on suicide mortality: A full population cohort study among movers and non-movers in the Netherlands," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 294(C).
    4. Mera León, Harold, 2023. "Stillbirths, miscarriages and early losses in armed conflict contexts. The modification effect of violence. The Colombian case," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 334(C).
    5. Jakobsen, Andreas Lindegaard & Lund, Rolf Lyneborg, 2022. "Neighborhood social context and suicide mortality: A multilevel register-based 5-year follow-up study of 2.7 million individuals," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 311(C).
    6. Dahl, Espen & Ivar Elstad, Jon & Hofoss, Dag & Martin-Mollard, Melissa, 2006. "For whom is income inequality most harmful? A multi-level analysis of income inequality and mortality in Norway," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 63(10), pages 2562-2574, November.
    7. Øystein Kravdal, 2008. "Does income inequality really influence individual mortality?," Demographic Research, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany, vol. 18(7), pages 205-232.

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