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Dynamika zmian w bilansie płatniczym krajów Unii Gospodarczej i Walutowej - wnioski dla Polski

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  • Janusz Sawicki

Abstract

Celem artykułu jest zbadanie zagrożeń dla stabilności finansowej Polski wynikających z dynamiki zmian zachodzących w bilansie płatniczym. Analizę zmian struktury dochodów i wydatków na rachunku bieżącym przeprowadzono na tle zmian w bilansach płatniczych głównych krajów unii walutowej. Wskazano na przyczyny nierównowagi zewnętrznej krajów Unii Gospodarczej i Walutowej, wyniki podejmowanych reform mających przywrócić wiarygodność i wzrost oraz zagrożenia dla utrzymania rosnących trendów eksportu netto. W artykule pokazano wpływ zmian dokonywanych w polityce UGW na równowagę zewnętrzną Polski. Wzrost eksportu netto, zwłaszcza w krajach peryferyjnych unii walutowej, obserwowany także Polsce, jest wynikiem wzrostu oszczędności w sektorze publicznym i prywatnym. Zahamowanie wydatków w wyniku konsolidacji finansów publicznych i reparacji bilansów instytucji finansowych wymusiło poprawę konkurencyjności (w większości krajów Południa) przez spadek jednostkowych kosztów pracy. W Polsce zarówno niski udział nakładów kapitałowych w całkowitej produktywności zasobów (TFP), jak i inna niż w krajach peryferyjnych UGW struktura rachunku bieżącego stwarzają, w średnim okresie, niebezpieczeństwo destabilizacji finansów zagranicznych, jeżeli nie zostanie utrzymany wzrostowy trend eksportu netto. Zamknięcie kanału wysokich transferów unijnych zwiększy znaczenie eksportu netto jako czynnika wpływającego na równowagę zewnętrzną kraju. Wzrost luki pomiędzy transferami (prywatnymi, publicznymi, saldem dochodów z inwestycji oraz saldem przepływu kapitałów) a saldem bilansu handlowego oraz wzrost relacji pomiędzy międzynarodową pozycją inwestycyjną netto a PKB zagrozi stabilności finansów kraju.

Suggested Citation

  • Janusz Sawicki, 2014. "Dynamika zmian w bilansie płatniczym krajów Unii Gospodarczej i Walutowej - wnioski dla Polski," Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics, Warsaw School of Economics, issue 1, pages 97-119.
    • Handle: RePEc:sgh:gosnar:y:2014:i:1:p:97-119
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Òscar Jordà & Alan M. Taylor, 2016. "The Time for Austerity: Estimating the Average Treatment Effect of Fiscal Policy," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 126(590), pages 219-255, February.
    2. Olivier J. Blanchard & Daniel Leigh, 2013. "Growth Forecast Errors and Fiscal Multipliers," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 103(3), pages 117-120, May.
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    bilans płatniczy; struktura rachunku bieżącego; zadłużenie; kon­kurencyjność;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • F32 - International Economics - - International Finance - - - Current Account Adjustment; Short-term Capital Movements
    • F34 - International Economics - - International Finance - - - International Lending and Debt Problems
    • F42 - International Economics - - Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance - - - International Policy Coordination and Transmission

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