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Economie politique des programmes agricoles des Etats-Unis

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  • M. Eabel

Abstract

[fre] Les Etats-Unis ont engagé en 1985 un débat intensif sur la politique agricole qui a abouti à l'adoption, pour cinq ans, d'une nouvelle loi agricole, le Food Security Act de 1985. Cette démarche politique visait la réalisation de plusieurs objectifs contradictoires : (a) l'abaissement du niveau des subventions afin de rendre les Etats-Unis plus compétitifs sur les marchés mondiaux et de stimuler les exportations qui avaient enregistré une baisse spectaculaire ; (b) la protection du revenu agricole au moyen d'une aide de l'Etat, dans un contexte caractérisé par la dépréciation de la valeur des terres à usage agricole et par l'ampleur des problèmes de financement de l'agriculture; (c) la réduction du coût des programmes gouvernementaux de soutien des revenus et des prix agricoles, qui avait augmenté fortement au cours des cinq dernières années. . La réalisation simultanée de ces trois objectifs s'avérant impossible du fait de leur nature contradictoire, les maîtres d'œuvre de la politique agricole ont décidé de donner la priorité aux deux premiers et de sacrifier la réduction des coûts budgétaires. Les élections du Congrès en 1986 ont joué un rôle important dans la détermination de ce choix. Toutefois, une autre loi visant à équilibrer le budget fédéral d'ici à 1991 rend imperative la mise en œuvre de réductions des dépenses liées aux programmes concernant l'agriculture et les autres secteurs. La réduction du déficit ne pouvant s'opérer qu'au moyen de coupes pratiquées dans les dépenses, le coût des programmes de soutien des revenus et des prix agricoles sera moins élevé que celui initialement prévu par la nouvelle loi agricole. . Cette nouvelle politique agricole a été appliquée à la campagne 1986 et aux produits laitiers. Dans le cas des principales récoltes bénéficiant de prix de soutien, les taux des prêts sur produits ont été abaissés de façon significative : moins 27% pour le blé et moins 25% pour le maïs, par exemple. . Comme par le passé, les mesures agricoles adoptées aux Etats-Unis seront sujettes à de fréquentes modifications en fonction de l'évolution de l'environnement économique et politique. Toutefois, il est peu probable que l'orientation initiale du Food Security Act de 1 985 soit révisée de façon fondamentale. La baisse du niveau des prêts et la protection du revenu des agriculteurs par le biais d'aides de l'Etat, demeureront la règle. Cependant, le montant des subventions accordées pourrait être remis en cause dans le cadre des efforts permanents déployés pour faire face au problème plus vaste que constitue le déficit budgétaire. [eng] The political economy of us agricultural policy - The United States engaged in an intensive agricultural policy debate in 1985 leading to passage of a new five-year farm bill, the Food Security Act of 1985. The political process sought to achieve several conflicting goals : (a) reductions in support levels to make the U.S. more competitive in world markets and stimulate exports which had fallen off sharply: (b) protection of farm income through government payments in the midst of declining land values and serious farm financial problems; and (c) reductions in the government cost of agricultural price and income support programs which had escalated sharply over the past five years. . Since it was impossible to achieve all three of these goals because of inherent conflicts, the architects of farm policy opted to achieve the first two goals and sacrifice budget costs. The Congressional election in 1986 played a major role in shaping this outcome. However, another piece of legislation designed to balance the Federal budget by 1991 requires reductions in expenditures on agricultural and other programs. To the extent deficit reduction is achieved through expenditure cuts, the cost of agricultura price and income support programs will not be as high as initially expected under the new farm bill. . The new farm policy has already been implemented for the 1 986 crop season and for dairy products. In the case of major price supported crops, market support (loan) levels have been reduced markedly; e. g. by 27 percent for wheat and 25 percent for corn. . As in the past, U.S. agricultural policies will be subject to frequent change as the economic and political environment evolves. However, the basic thrust of the Food Security Act of 1985 is not likely to be altered in any fundamental way. Lower support levels will be maintained and substantial income protection to farmers will be provided through government payments. The cost of this policy to the government could be modified, however, through continuing efforts to deal with the larger budget deficit issue.

Suggested Citation

  • M. Eabel, 1986. "Economie politique des programmes agricoles des Etats-Unis," Économie rurale, Programme National Persée, vol. 173(1), pages 12-21.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:recoru:ecoru_0013-0559_1986_num_173_1_3753
    DOI: 10.3406/ecoru.1986.3753
    Note: DOI:10.3406/ecoru.1986.3753
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Daft, Lynn M., 1986. "Lynn Daft on The 1985 Farm Bill," Choices: The Magazine of Food, Farm, and Resource Issues, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 1(1), pages 1-4.
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    1. Hélène Delorme, 1993. "Le volet agricole de l'Uruguay Round : une nouvelle régulation mondiale ?," Économie rurale, Programme National Persée, vol. 218(1), pages 3-11.

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