IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/plo/pone00/0233998.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Confirmatory factor analysis and exploratory structural equation modelling of the factor structure of the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales-21

Author

Listed:
  • Rapson Gomez
  • Vasileios Stavropoulos
  • Mark D Griffiths

Abstract

The Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21) involves a simple structure first-order three-factor oblique model, with factors for depression, anxiety, and stress. Recently, concerns have been raised over the value of using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) for studying the factor structure of scales in general. However, such concerns can be circumvented using exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM). Consequently, the present study used CFA and ESEM with target rotation to examine the factor structure of the DASS-21 among an adult community. It compared first-order CFA, ESEM with target rotation, bi-factor CFA (BCFA), and bi-factor BESEM with target rotation models with group/specific factors for depression, anxiety, and stress. A total of 738 adults (males = 374, and females = 364; M = 25.29 years; SD = 7.61 years) completed the DASS-21. While all models examined showed good global fit values, one or more of the group/specific factors in the BCFA, ESEM with target rotation and BESEM with target rotation models were poorly defined. As the first-order CFA model was most parsimonious, with well-defined factors that were also supported in terms of their reliabilities and validities, this model was selected as the preferred DASS-21 model. The implications of the findings for use and revision of the DASS-21 are discussed.

Suggested Citation

  • Rapson Gomez & Vasileios Stavropoulos & Mark D Griffiths, 2020. "Confirmatory factor analysis and exploratory structural equation modelling of the factor structure of the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales-21," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 15(6), pages 1-16, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0233998
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233998
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0233998
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0233998&type=printable
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1371/journal.pone.0233998?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Samuel Green & Yanyun Yang, 2009. "Reliability of Summed Item Scores Using Structural Equation Modeling: An Alternative to Coefficient Alpha," Psychometrika, Springer;The Psychometric Society, vol. 74(1), pages 155-167, March.
    2. Minh Thi Hong Le & Thach Duc Tran & Sara Holton & Huong Thanh Nguyen & Rory Wolfe & Jane Fisher, 2017. "Reliability, convergent validity and factor structure of the DASS-21 in a sample of Vietnamese adolescents," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 12(7), pages 1-14, July.
    3. K. Jöreskog, 1969. "A general approach to confirmatory maximum likelihood factor analysis," Psychometrika, Springer;The Psychometric Society, vol. 34(2), pages 183-202, June.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. César Merino-Soto & Gina Chávez-Ventura & Verónica López-Fernández & Guillermo M. Chans & Filiberto Toledano-Toledano, 2022. "Learning Self-Regulation Questionnaire (SRQ-L): Psychometric and Measurement Invariance Evidence in Peruvian Undergraduate Students," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(18), pages 1-17, September.
    2. Aline Lopes Moreira & Jorge Castellá Sarriera & Leonardo Fernandes Martins & Lívia Maria Bedin & Maria Angela Mattar Yunes & Luciana Cassarino Perez & Murilo Ricardo Zibetti, 2022. "Psychometric Properties of Children’s Subjective Well-Being Scales: a Multigroup Study Investigating School Type, Gender, Age and Region of Children in the South and Southeast Regions of Brazil," Child Indicators Research, Springer;The International Society of Child Indicators (ISCI), vol. 15(2), pages 657-679, April.
    3. Zhang, XiaoLi & Liu, ChenGuang & Li, WenJuan & Evans, Steve & Yin, Yong, 2017. "Effects of key enabling technologies for seru production on sustainable performance," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 66(PB), pages 290-307.
    4. Paratthakonkun Chirawat & Ruckwongpatr Kamolthip & Rattana Rattaprach & Siti R. Nadhiroh & Serene En Hui Tung & Wan Ying Gan & Meephiam Pinyo & Teosagul Nabpran & Kaitlin N. Rozzell-Voss & Janet D. La, 2022. "Weight Stigma among Young Adults in Thailand: Reliability, Validation, and Measurement Invariance of the Thai-Translated Weight Self Stigma Questionnaire and Perceived Weight Stigma Scale," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(23), pages 1-13, November.
    5. Amber Mosewich & Valerie Hadd & Peter Crocker & Bruno Zumbo, 2013. "Invariance Testing of the SF-36 Health Survey in Women Breast Cancer Survivors: Do Personal and Cancer-related Variables Influence the Meaning of Quality of Life Items?," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 110(2), pages 559-577, January.
    6. S. Lee & R. Jennrich, 1979. "A study of algorithms for covariance structure analysis with specific comparisons using factor analysis," Psychometrika, Springer;The Psychometric Society, vol. 44(1), pages 99-113, March.
    7. Mamiko Takeuchi & Hisakazu Matsushige, 2008. "Effects of Intra-corporate Policies on the Work of Female Employees," OSIPP Discussion Paper 08E009, Osaka School of International Public Policy, Osaka University.
    8. Friedrich Gebhardt, 1971. "Maximum likelihood solution to factor analysis when some factors are completely specified," Psychometrika, Springer;The Psychometric Society, vol. 36(2), pages 155-163, June.
    9. Miguel Ángel López-Sáez & Ariadna Angulo-Brunet & R. Lucas Platero & Oscar Lecuona, 2022. "The Adaptation and Validation of the Trans Attitudes and Beliefs Scale to the Spanish Context," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(7), pages 1-18, April.
    10. Bruce Bloxom, 1972. "Alternative approaches to factorial invariance," Psychometrika, Springer;The Psychometric Society, vol. 37(4), pages 425-440, December.
    11. Ke-Hai Yuan & Wai Chan, 2005. "On Nonequivalence of Several Procedures of Structural Equation Modeling," Psychometrika, Springer;The Psychometric Society, vol. 70(4), pages 791-798, December.
    12. Ke-Hai Yuan & Ying Cheng & Wei Zhang, 2010. "Determinants of Standard Errors of MLEs in Confirmatory Factor Analysis," Psychometrika, Springer;The Psychometric Society, vol. 75(4), pages 633-648, December.
    13. John E. Hunter & Gerald M. Gillmore, 1974. "A Memory Search Model of Reliability," Sociological Methods & Research, , vol. 2(3), pages 281-311, February.
    14. Rapson Gomez & Taylor Brown & Shaun Watson & Vasileios Stavropoulos, 2022. "Confirmatory factor analysis and exploratory structural equation modeling of the factor structure of the Questionnaire of Cognitive and Affective Empathy (QCAE)," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 17(2), pages 1-18, February.
    15. Sik-Yum Lee, 1980. "Estimation of covariance structure models with parameters subject to functional restraints," Psychometrika, Springer;The Psychometric Society, vol. 45(3), pages 309-324, September.
    16. Tuan Anh Le & Anh Duc Dang & An Ha Thi Tran & Long Hoang Nguyen & Trang Huyen Thi Nguyen & Hai Thanh Phan & Carl A. Latkin & Bach Xuan Tran & Cyrus S.H. Ho & Roger C.M. Ho, 2019. "Factors Associated with Sleep Disorders among Methadone-Maintained Drug Users in Vietnam," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(22), pages 1-10, November.
    17. Hanne Søberg Finbråten & Peter Nowak & Robert Griebler & Éva Bíró & Mitja Vrdelja & Rana Charafeddine & Lennert Griese & Henrik Bøggild & Doris Schaeffer & Thomas Link & Zdenek Kucera & Julien Mancini, 2022. "The HLS 19 -COM-P, a New Instrument for Measuring Communicative Health Literacy in Interaction with Physicians: Development and Validation in Nine European Countries," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(18), pages 1-23, September.
    18. Widener, Sally K., 2007. "An empirical analysis of the levers of control framework," Accounting, Organizations and Society, Elsevier, vol. 32(7-8), pages 757-788.
    19. André Beauducel, 2007. "In Spite of Indeterminacy Many Common Factor Score Estimates Yield an Identical Reproduced Covariance Matrix," Psychometrika, Springer;The Psychometric Society, vol. 72(3), pages 437-441, September.
    20. Borja Costa-López & Nicolás Ruiz-Robledillo & Natalia Albaladejo-Blázquez & Monika Baryła-Matejczuk & Rosario Ferrer-Cascales, 2022. "Psychometric Properties of the Spanish Version of the Highly Sensitive Child Scale: The Parent Version," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(5), pages 1-12, March.

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0233998. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: plosone (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/ .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.