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Patenting and Licensing University Inventions: Lessons from the History of the Research Corporation

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  • Mowery, David C
  • Sampat, Bhaven N

Abstract

Recent developments in the relationships between R&D in US industry and research in US universities, especially in the growth of university patenting and licensing of technologies to private firms, have attracted considerable attention. This paper discusses the history of an important institution in the history of these relationships, the Research Corporation. The ultimate withdrawal of the Research Corporation from its major role reflected shifting federal policies towards philanthropic organizations as well as the Bayh-Dole Act. The evidence provided in this paper, however, suggests that the seeds of decline had been planted well before 1980 and were apparent in the growing deficits of the Research Corporation during the 1970s. Since some of these factors are also apparent within many US university licensing offices it is likely that some "shake-out" will occur in the future as a number of these universities reduce or terminate their activities in this area. Those that survive are likely to pursue a broader set of goals than royalty income alone. Copyright 2001 by Oxford University Press.

Suggested Citation

  • Mowery, David C & Sampat, Bhaven N, 2001. "Patenting and Licensing University Inventions: Lessons from the History of the Research Corporation," Industrial and Corporate Change, Oxford University Press and the Associazione ICC, vol. 10(2), pages 317-355, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:oup:indcch:v:10:y:2001:i:2:p:317-55
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    Cited by:

    1. Brantnell, Anders & Baraldi, Enrico, 2022. "Understanding the roles and involvement of technology transfer offices in the commercialization of university research," Technovation, Elsevier, vol. 115(C).
    2. Balconi, Margherita & Breschi, Stefano & Lissoni, Francesco, 2004. "Networks of inventors and the role of academia: an exploration of Italian patent data," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 33(1), pages 127-145, January.
    3. Claire Champenois & Henry Etzkowitz, 2018. "From boundary line to boundary space: The creation of hybrid organizations as a Triple Helix micro-foundation," Post-Print hal-01988410, HAL.
    4. Macdonald, Stuart, 2004. "When means become ends: considering the impact of patent strategy on innovation," Information Economics and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 16(1), pages 135-158, March.
    5. Francesco Lissoni & Fabio Montobbio, 2015. "The Ownership of Academic Patents and Their Impact. Evidence from Five European Countries," Revue économique, Presses de Sciences-Po, vol. 66(1), pages 143-171.
    6. Deepak Hegde, 2005. "Public and Private Universities: Unequal Sources of Regional Innovation?," Economic Development Quarterly, , vol. 19(4), pages 373-386, November.
    7. Franco Malerba, 2006. "Innovation, Industrial Dynamics and Industry Evolution: Progress and the Research Agendas," Revue de l'OFCE, Presses de Sciences-Po, vol. 97(5), pages 21-46.
    8. Hsu, David H. & Kenney, Martin, 2004. "Organizing Venture Capital: The Rise and Demise of American Research & Development Corporation, 1946-1973," UCAIS Berkeley Roundtable on the International Economy, Working Paper Series qt59q5n7rw, UCAIS Berkeley Roundtable on the International Economy, UC Berkeley.
    9. David Barberá-Tomás & Joaquín M. Azagra-Caro & Pablo D’Este, 2022. "Dynamic perspectives on technology transfer: introduction to the special section," The Journal of Technology Transfer, Springer, vol. 47(5), pages 1299-1307, October.
    10. Joshua S. Gans & Fiona Murray, 2011. "Funding Scientific Knowledge: Selection, Disclosure and the Public-Private Portfolio," NBER Chapters, in: The Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity Revisited, pages 51-103, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    11. Francesco Lissoni & Michele Pezzoni & Bianca Potì & Sandra Romagnosi, 2012. "University autonomy, IP legislation and academic patenting: Italy, 1996-2007," Post-Print hal-00779750, HAL.
    12. Bhaven N. Sampat, 2015. "Intellectual property rights and pharmaceuticals: The case of antibiotics," WIPO Economic Research Working Papers 26, World Intellectual Property Organization - Economics and Statistics Division.
    13. Theologou, Kostas & Michaelides, Panayotis G., 2008. "Technology Transfer in Academia : The Case of National Technical University of Athens (A Brief Sketch)," MPRA Paper 74476, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    14. Champenois, Claire & Etzkowitz, Henry, 2018. "From boundary line to boundary space: The creation of hybrid organizations as a Triple Helix micro-foundation," Technovation, Elsevier, vol. 76, pages 28-39.
    15. Colyvas, Jeannette A., 2007. "From divergent meanings to common practices: The early institutionalization of technology transfer in the life sciences at Stanford University," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 36(4), pages 456-476, May.
    16. David C. Mowery & Bhaven N. Sampat & Arvids A. Ziedonis, 2002. "Learning to Patent: Institutional Experience, Learning, and the Characteristics of U.S. University Patents After the Bayh-Dole Act, 1981-1992," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 48(1), pages 73-89, January.
    17. Kenney, Martin & Patton, Donald, 2009. "Reconsidering the Bayh-Dole Act and the Current University Invention Ownership Model," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 38(9), pages 1407-1422, November.
    18. Segarra-Blasco, Agusti­ & Arauzo-Carod, Josep-Maria, 2008. "Sources of innovation and industry-university interaction: Evidence from Spanish firms," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 37(8), pages 1283-1295, September.
    19. Francesco Lissoni, 2013. "Intellectual property and university–industry technology transfer," Chapters, in: Faïz Gallouj & Luis Rubalcaba & Paul Windrum (ed.), Public–Private Innovation Networks in Services, chapter 7, pages 164-194, Edward Elgar Publishing.
    20. Dirk Czarnitzki & Katrin Hussinger & Cédric Schneider, 2012. "The nexus between science and industry: evidence from faculty inventions," The Journal of Technology Transfer, Springer, vol. 37(5), pages 755-776, October.
    21. Foray, Dominique & Lissoni, Francesco, 2010. "University Research and Public–Private Interaction," Handbook of the Economics of Innovation, in: Bronwyn H. Hall & Nathan Rosenberg (ed.), Handbook of the Economics of Innovation, edition 1, volume 1, chapter 0, pages 275-314, Elsevier.
    22. Sampat, Bhaven N., 2006. "Patenting and US academic research in the 20th century: The world before and after Bayh-Dole," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 35(6), pages 772-789, July.
    23. Victoria Galan-Muros & Todd Davey, 2019. "The UBC ecosystem: putting together a comprehensive framework for university-business cooperation," The Journal of Technology Transfer, Springer, vol. 44(4), pages 1311-1346, August.
    24. Barry Bozeman & Daniel Fay & Catherine Slade, 2013. "Research collaboration in universities and academic entrepreneurship: the-state-of-the-art," The Journal of Technology Transfer, Springer, vol. 38(1), pages 1-67, February.
    25. David Mowery, 2011. "Nanotechnology and the US national innovation system: continuity and change," The Journal of Technology Transfer, Springer, vol. 36(6), pages 697-711, December.

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