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Comparing the Role of Coal to Other Energy Resources in the Environmental Kuznets Curve of Three Large Economies

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  • Sahbi Farhani
  • Daniel Balsalobre-Lorente

Abstract

This article aims to examine the dynamic relationship between coal, gas and oil consumption, economic growth and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the three largest economies namely China, the United States and India, over the period of 1965–2017. In a novel attempt, we employ recent econometric techniques based on the inclusion of structural break(s) in unit root. We apply OLS, FMOLS, DOLS, and CCR econometric regression to validate the EKC hypothesis for three selected countries. We find that the United States and India exhibit a U-inverted EKC between CO2 emissions and economic growth. On the other side, China exhibits U-shaped EKC when we include as energy proxy coal and oil consumption. When we explore the connection between carbon emissions and economic growth considering gas consumption, we find a U-inverted EKC. These dissimilar behaviors confirm that the energy pattern of these countries exert a decisive impact over sustainable economic growth, enhancing previous literature that connects fossil sources, economic growth, and environmental degradation process. Our estimation results open up new insights for policy makers to control the level of coal consumption, to sustain economic growth and to mitigate CO2 emissions.

Suggested Citation

  • Sahbi Farhani & Daniel Balsalobre-Lorente, 2020. "Comparing the Role of Coal to Other Energy Resources in the Environmental Kuznets Curve of Three Large Economies," Chinese Economy, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 53(1), pages 82-120, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:mes:chinec:v:53:y:2020:i:1:p:82-120
    DOI: 10.1080/10971475.2019.1625519
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    1. Cem Ișik & Munir Ahmad & Uğur Korkut Pata & Serdar Ongan & Magdalena Radulescu & Festus Fatai Adedoyin & Engin Bayraktaroğlu & Sezi Aydın & Ayse Ongan, 2020. "An Evaluation of the Tourism-Induced Environmental Kuznets Curve (T-EKC) Hypothesis: Evidence from G7 Countries," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(21), pages 1-11, November.
    2. Nilüfer Kaya Kanlı & Bige Küçükefe, 2023. "Is the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis valid? A global analysis for carbon dioxide emissions," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 25(3), pages 2339-2367, March.
    3. Kai Cheng & Hsin-Pei Hsueh & Omid Ranjbar & Mei-Chih Wang & Tsangyao Chang, 2021. "Urbanization, coal consumption and CO2 emissions nexus in China using bootstrap Fourier Granger causality test in quantiles," Letters in Spatial and Resource Sciences, Springer, vol. 14(1), pages 31-49, April.
    4. Tomiwa Sunday Adebayo & Abraham Ayobamiji Awosusi & Seun Damola Oladipupo & Ephraim Bonah Agyekum & Arunkumar Jayakumar & Nallapaneni Manoj Kumar, 2021. "Dominance of Fossil Fuels in Japan’s National Energy Mix and Implications for Environmental Sustainability," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(14), pages 1-20, July.
    5. Haider Mahmood & Maham Furqan & Muhammad Shahid Hassan & Soumen Rej, 2023. "The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) Hypothesis in China: A Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(7), pages 1-32, April.
    6. Chinazaekpere Nwani & Ekpeno L. Effiong & Sunday Ituma Okpoto & Ikechukwu Kingsley Okere, 2021. "Breaking the carbon curse: The role of financial development in facilitating low‐carbon and sustainable development in Algeria," African Development Review, African Development Bank, vol. 33(2), pages 300-315, June.
    7. Haider Mahmood & Tarek Tawfik Yousef Alkhateeb & Muhammad Tanveer & Doaa H. I. Mahmoud, 2021. "Testing the Energy-Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis in the Renewable and Nonrenewable Energy Consumption Models in Egypt," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(14), pages 1-17, July.
    8. Li, Li, 2023. "Commodity prices volatility and economic growth: Empirical evidence from natural resources industries of China," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 80(C).
    9. Adedoyin, Festus Fatai & Bekun, Festus Victor & Driha, Oana M. & Balsalobre-Lorente, Daniel, 2020. "The effects of air transportation, energy, ICT and FDI on economic growth in the industry 4.0 era: Evidence from the United States," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 160(C).
    10. Arshian Sharif & Eyup Dogan & Ameenullah Aman & Hafizah Hammad Ahmad Khan & Isma Zaighum, 2020. "Rare disaster and renewable energy in the USA: new insights from wavelet coherence and rolling-window analysis," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 103(3), pages 2731-2755, September.
    11. Hossain, Mohammad Razib & Rana, Md. Jaber & Saha, Sourav Mohan & Haseeb, Mohammad & Islam, Md. Sayemul & Amin, Md. Ruhul & Hossain, Md. Emran, 2023. "Role of energy mix and eco-innovation in achieving environmental sustainability in the USA using the dynamic ARDL approach: Accounting the supply side of the ecosystem," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 215(C).

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