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Energy Requirement of Extra Virgin Olive Oil Production

Author

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  • Giulio Mario Cappelletti

    (Department of Economics, University of Foggia, Foggia 71121, Italy
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Giuseppe Ioppolo

    (Department of Economics, Business, Environment and Quantitative Methods (SEAM), University of Messina, Messina 98122, Italy
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Giuseppe Martino Nicoletti

    (Department of Economics, University of Foggia, Foggia 71121, Italy
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Carlo Russo

    (Department of Economics, University of Foggia, Foggia 71121, Italy
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

Abstract

The scope of this chapter is to calculate the net energy of the production chain for virgin olive oil. Therefore, the determination was carried out for the direct and indirect energy inputs and the energy present as feedstock in the outputs (products and by-products). To perform this analysis, all of the production processes for olives and for oil extraction were studied. For the agricultural phase, three systems of cultivation were taken into consideration: the centenary olive grove (COO), the “intensive” olive grove (HDO) and, the more recently introduced, “super-intensive” olive grove (HSDO). The last two models are distinguished by the high number of trees per hectare and by an intense mechanization of agricultural practices. Regarding the oil extraction phase, four different technologies were compared: the pressure system (PS), the two-phase system (2PS), the three-phase (3PS), and the system, called “de-pitted”, which provides for the separation of the pits before the oil is extracted (DPS). The analysis showed that the production of olives needs more than 90% of energy requirements, much of which is met by non-renewable sources of energy. The production of fertilizers, and also irrigation, are the production factors that require a considerable amount of energy. Among the three agricultural systems analyzed, the COO system of cultivation is the one that requires less energy as compared to the other systems. The scenario that enables the most energy return, however, is the SHDO system of cultivation, due to the greater amount of pruning residues that can be obtained.

Suggested Citation

  • Giulio Mario Cappelletti & Giuseppe Ioppolo & Giuseppe Martino Nicoletti & Carlo Russo, 2014. "Energy Requirement of Extra Virgin Olive Oil Production," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 6(8), pages 1-9, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:6:y:2014:i:8:p:4966-4974:d:38873
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Martinho, Vítor João Pereira Domingues, 2021. "Direct and indirect energy consumption in farming: Impacts from fertilizer use," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 236(C).
    2. Carlo Russo & Giulio Mario Cappelletti & Giuseppe Martino Nicoletti & Alfredo Ernesto Di Noia & George Michalopoulos, 2016. "Comparison of European Olive Production Systems," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 8(8), pages 1-11, August.
    3. Antonia Tamborrino & Claudio Perone & Filippo Catalano & Giacomo Squeo & Francesco Caponio & Biagio Bianchi, 2019. "Modelling Energy Consumption and Energy-Saving in High-Quality Olive Oil Decanter Centrifuge: Numerical Study and Experimental Validation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(13), pages 1-20, July.
    4. Lucio Cecchini & Biancamaria Torquati & Chiara Paffarini & Marco Barbanera & Daniele Foschini & Massimo Chiorri, 2016. "The Milk Supply Chain in Italy’s Umbria Region: Environmental and Economic Sustainability," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 8(8), pages 1-15, July.
    5. Seksan Papong & Norihiro Itsubo & Pomthong Malakul & Masanori Shukuya, 2015. "Development of the Social Inventory Database in Thailand Using Input–Output Analysis," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 7(6), pages 1-30, June.
    6. Zhitao Li & Xiahui Wang & Jia Li & Wei Zhang & Ruiping Liu & Zhixiao Song & Guoxin Huang & Linglong Meng, 2019. "The Economic-Environmental Impacts of China’s Action Plan for Soil Pollution Control," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(8), pages 1-12, April.
    7. Paris, Bas & Vandorou, Foteini & Balafoutis, Athanasios T. & Vaiopoulos, Konstantinos & Kyriakarakos, George & Manolakos, Dimitris & Papadakis, George, 2022. "Energy use in open-field agriculture in the EU: A critical review recommending energy efficiency measures and renewable energy sources adoption," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 158(C).
    8. Daniela C. A. Pigosso & Mariana Ferraz & Cláudia Echevenguá Teixeira & Henrique Rozenfeld, 2016. "The Deployment of Product-Related Environmental Legislation into Product Requirements," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 8(4), pages 1-15, April.
    9. Bianca Polenzani & Chiara Riganelli & Andrea Marchini, 2020. "Sustainability Perception of Local Extra Virgin Olive Oil and Consumers’ Attitude: A New Italian Perspective," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(3), pages 1-18, January.
    10. Pierre Desrochers & Joanna Szurmak, 2017. "Long Distance Trade, Locational Dynamics and By-Product Development: Insights from the History of the American Cottonseed Industry," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 9(4), pages 1-29, April.
    11. Belén Derqui & Teresa Fayos & Vicenc Fernandez, 2016. "Towards a More Sustainable Food Supply Chain: Opening up Invisible Waste in Food Service," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 8(7), pages 1-20, July.
    12. Pauline Deutz & Giuseppe Ioppolo, 2015. "From Theory to Practice: Enhancing the Potential Policy Impact of Industrial Ecology," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 7(2), pages 1-15, February.

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