IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jsusta/v14y2022i5p2967-d763426.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Can the Economic Value Added Be Used as the Universal Financial Metric?

Author

Listed:
  • Zbysław Dobrowolski

    (Institute of Public Affairs, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Kraków, Poland)

  • Grzegorz Drozdowski

    (Department of Economics and Finance, Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, 25-369 Kielce, Poland)

  • Mirela Panait

    (Faculty of Economic Sciences, Petroleum—Gas University of Ploiesti, 39 Bucharest Boulevard, 100680 Ploieşti, Romania)

  • Arkadiusz Babczuk

    (Institute of Economic and Financial Expertise, 91-415 Łódź, Poland)

Abstract

Previous research into Economic Value Added (EVA) has extensively described it as a business metric of firms. Still, no studies have confirmed or denied that EVA is a universal metric and that one may use EVA in unstable markets in the same way as in stable and developed economies. Meanwhile, the green energy revolution, ensuring carbon neutrality through green innovations, requires enormous investments, and the projects realised must be appropriately tailored. These projects are realised by different firms, including those from developing countries, and investors need solid financial metrics. The study determines whether EVA is a universal metric of owners’ value in the energy sector. The research proves that this metric does not correctly reflect the limitations of emerging markets, can lead to incorrect managerial decisions and limit shareholders’ value. Therefore, there is a need to reanalyse financial metrics used in financial planning, including EVA. The study eliminates this research gap and, based on data from seven countries and the Euro Zone, explains why one may not perceive the currently used EVA formula as a universal financial metric. Consequently, the study modifies the EVA formula and presents a universal solution tailored to unstable economies. In the conducted research, literature studies were used, taking into account the methodology of a systematic literature review, including bibliometric analysis. Based on this review, it is shown that little is known about whether EVA as a financial measure can be used in energy management. Two conclusions emerged: first, the research contributes to developing the business and management science; second, identifying risks associated with EVA metrics helps practitioners. In addition, the study defined further research directions.

Suggested Citation

  • Zbysław Dobrowolski & Grzegorz Drozdowski & Mirela Panait & Arkadiusz Babczuk, 2022. "Can the Economic Value Added Be Used as the Universal Financial Metric?," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(5), pages 1-14, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:14:y:2022:i:5:p:2967-:d:763426
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/5/2967/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/5/2967/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Campbell, T. Colin & Galpin, Neal & Johnson, Shane A., 2016. "Optimal inside debt compensation and the value of equity and debt," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 119(2), pages 336-352.
    2. Ittner, Christopher D. & Larcker, David F., 2001. "Assessing empirical research in managerial accounting: a value-based management perspective," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 32(1-3), pages 349-410, December.
    3. Patrick T. Finegan, 1991. "Maximizing Shareholder Value At The Private Company," Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, Morgan Stanley, vol. 4(1), pages 30-45, March.
    4. Ben‐Hsien Bao & Da‐Hsien Bao, 1998. "Usefulness of Value Added and Abnormal Economic Economic Earnings: An Empirical Examination," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 25(1‐2), pages 251-264, January.
    5. Maria Kukurba & Aneta Ewa Waszkiewicz & Mariusz Salwin & Andrzej Kraslawski, 2021. "Co-Created Values in Crowdfunding for Sustainable Development of Enterprises," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(16), pages 1-21, August.
    6. Zbysław Dobrowolski & Łukasz Sułkowski, 2021. "Business Model Canvas and Energy Enterprises," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(21), pages 1-10, November.
    7. Changhong Zhao & Yu Guo & Jiahai Yuan & Mengya Wu & Daiyu Li & Yiou Zhou & Jiangang Kang, 2018. "ESG and Corporate Financial Performance: Empirical Evidence from China’s Listed Power Generation Companies," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(8), pages 1-18, July.
    8. Elena Druică & Zizi Goschin & Rodica Ianole-Călin, 2019. "Energy Poverty and Life Satisfaction: Structural Mechanisms and Their Implications," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(20), pages 1-20, October.
    9. Ying Jiang & Xiaolong Xue & Weirui Xue, 2018. "Proactive Corporate Environmental Responsibility and Financial Performance: Evidence from Chinese Energy Enterprises," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(4), pages 1-13, March.
    10. Harris, Milton & Raviv, Artur, 1991. "The Theory of Capital Structure," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 46(1), pages 297-355, March.
    11. Dimitris Kyriazis & Christos Anastassis, 2007. "The Validity of the Economic Value Added Approach: an Empirical Application," European Financial Management, European Financial Management Association, vol. 13(1), pages 71-100, January.
    12. Siew − Peng Lee, 2021. "Environmental responsibility, CEO power and financial performance in the energy sector," Review of Managerial Science, Springer, vol. 15(8), pages 2407-2426, November.
    13. Adrian Neacsa & Mirela Panait & Jianu Daniel Muresan & Marian Catalin Voica, 2020. "Energy Poverty in European Union: Assessment Difficulties, Effects on the Quality of Life, Mitigation Measures. Some Evidences from Romania," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(10), pages 1-28, May.
    14. Gordon, Lawrence A. & Miller, Danny, 1976. "A contingency framework for the design of accounting information systems," Accounting, Organizations and Society, Elsevier, vol. 1(1), pages 59-69, January.
    15. Ben-Hsien Bao & Da-Hsien Bao, 1998. "Usefulness of Value Added and Abnormal Economic Economic Earnings: An Empirical Examination," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 25(1&2), pages 251-264.
    16. Machuga, Susan M & Pfeiffer, Ray J, Jr & Verma, Kiran, 2002. "Economic Value Added, Future Accounting Earnings, and Financial Analysts' Earnings Per Share Forecasts," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 18(1), pages 59-73, January.
    17. James H. Scott Jr., 1976. "A Theory of Optimal Capital Structure," Bell Journal of Economics, The RAND Corporation, vol. 7(1), pages 33-54, Spring.
    18. Zbysław Dobrowolski, 2021. "Energy and Local Safety: How the Administration Limits Energy Security," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(16), pages 1-11, August.
    19. Zbysław Dobrowolski & Grzegorz Drozdowski, 2022. "Does the Net Present Value as a Financial Metric Fit Investment in Green Energy Security?," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(1), pages 1-16, January.
    20. Rajan, Raghuram G & Zingales, Luigi, 1995. "What Do We Know about Capital Structure? Some Evidence from International Data," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 50(5), pages 1421-1460, December.
    21. Andrew C. Worthington & Tracey West, 2004. "Australian Evidence Concerning the Information Content of Economic Value-Added," Australian Journal of Management, Australian School of Business, vol. 29(2), pages 201-223, December.
    22. Waterhouse, J. H. & Tiessen, P., 1978. "A contingency framework for management accounting systems research," Accounting, Organizations and Society, Elsevier, vol. 3(1), pages 65-76, February.
    23. Iza Gigauri, 2021. "Corporate Social Responsibility and COVID-19 Pandemic Crisis: Evidence From Georgia," International Journal of Sustainable Entrepreneurship and Corporate Social Responsibility (IJSECSR), IGI Global, vol. 6(1), pages 30-47, January.
    24. Titman, Sheridan & Wessels, Roberto, 1988. " The Determinants of Capital Structure Choice," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 43(1), pages 1-19, March.
    25. Kenneth Lehn & Anil K. Makhija, 1997. "Eva, Accounting Profits, And Ceo Turnover: An Empirical Examination, 1985–1994," Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, Morgan Stanley, vol. 10(2), pages 90-97, June.
    26. Biddle, Gary C. & Bowen, Robert M. & Wallace, James S., 1997. "Does EVA(R) beat earnings? Evidence on associations with stock returns and firm values," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 24(3), pages 301-336, December.
    27. John R. Graham, 2000. "How Big Are the Tax Benefits of Debt?," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 55(5), pages 1901-1941, October.
    28. Jakub Horak & Petr Suler & Jaroslav Kollmann & Jan Marecek, 2020. "Credit Absorption Capacity of Businesses in the Construction Sector of the Czech Republic—Analysis Based on the Difference in Values of EVA Entity and EVA Equity," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(21), pages 1-16, October.
    29. Zbysław Dobrowolski, 2021. "Internet of Things and Other E-Solutions in Supply Chain Management May Generate Threats in the Energy Sector—The Quest for Preventive Measures," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(17), pages 1-11, August.
    30. Mihaela Brindusa Tudose & Valentina Diana Rusu & Silvia Avasilcai, 2021. "Performance Management for Growth: A Framework Based on EVA," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 14(3), pages 1-19, March.
    31. Magdalena Kludacz-Alessandri & Małgorzata Cygańska, 2021. "Corporate Social Responsibility and Financial Performance among Energy Sector Companies," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(19), pages 1-16, September.
    32. Grzegorz Drozdowski, 2021. "Economic Calculus Qua an Instrument to Support Sustainable Development under Increasing Risk," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 14(1), pages 1-12, January.
    33. Meena Subedi & Ali Farazmand, 2020. "Economic Value Added (EVA) for Performance Evaluation of Public Organizations," Public Organization Review, Springer, vol. 20(4), pages 613-630, December.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Prasoon Mani Tripathi & Varun Chotia & Umesh Solanki & Rahul Meena & Vinay Khandelwal, 2022. "Economic Value Added Research: Mapping Thematic Structure and Research Trends," Risks, MDPI, vol. 11(1), pages 1-19, December.
    2. Imen Khanchel & Naima Lassoued, 2022. "ESG Disclosure and the Cost of Capital: Is There a Ratcheting Effect over Time?," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(15), pages 1-19, July.
    3. Zbysław Dobrowolski & Grzegorz Drozdowski & Mirela Panait & Simona Andreea Apostu, 2022. "The Weighted Average Cost of Capital and Its Universality in Crisis Times: Evidence from the Energy Sector," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(18), pages 1-15, September.
    4. Łukasz Jarosław Kozar & Adam Sulich, 2023. "Energy Sector’s Green Transformation towards Sustainable Development: A Review and Future Directions," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(15), pages 1-18, July.
    5. Todor Stoilov & Krasimira Stoilova, 2022. "An Algorithm for Business Management Based on Portfolio Optimization," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 10(22), pages 1-19, November.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Adel Elgharbawy & Magdy Abdel-Kader, 2013. "Enterprise governance and value-based management: a theoretical contingency framework," Journal of Management & Governance, Springer;Accademia Italiana di Economia Aziendale (AIDEA), vol. 17(1), pages 99-129, February.
    2. Sujata Behera, 2021. "Does EVA valuation model outperform earnings valuation model in explaining market value of equity?," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 26(4), pages 6312-6337, October.
    3. Peter Kien Pham & Jo-Ann Suchard & Jason Zein, 2011. "Corporate governance and alternative performance measures: evidence from Australian firms," Australian Journal of Management, Australian School of Business, vol. 36(3), pages 371-386, December.
    4. Jacek Jaworski & Leszek Czerwonka, 2021. "Determinants of Enterprises’ Capital Structure in Energy Industry: Evidence from European Union," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(7), pages 1-21, March.
    5. Mário Santos & António Moreira & Elisabete Vieira, 2014. "Ownership concentration, contestability, family firms, and capital structure," Journal of Management & Governance, Springer;Accademia Italiana di Economia Aziendale (AIDEA), vol. 18(4), pages 1063-1107, November.
    6. Bamiatzi, Vassiliki & Efthyvoulou, Georgios & Jabbour, Liza, 2017. "Foreign vs domestic ownership on debt reduction: An investigation of acquisition targets in Italy and Spain," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 26(5), pages 801-815.
    7. Qiao Liu & Kit Pong Wong, 2011. "Intellectual Capital and Financing Decisions: Evidence from the U.S. Patent Data," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 57(10), pages 1861-1878, October.
    8. Ashita Agrawal & Pitabas Mohanty & Navindra Kumar Totala, 2019. "Does EVA Beat ROA and ROE in Explaining the Stock Returns in Indian Scenario? An Evidence Using Mixed Effects Panel Data Regression Model," Management and Labour Studies, XLRI Jamshedpur, School of Business Management & Human Resources, vol. 44(2), pages 103-134, May.
    9. Tracey West & Andrew Worthington, 1999. "The information content of economic value-added: A comparative analysis with earnings, cash flow and residual income," School of Economics and Finance Discussion Papers and Working Papers Series 066, School of Economics and Finance, Queensland University of Technology.
    10. Francisco Sogorb- Mira, 2002. "How Sme Uniqueness Affects Capital Structure: Evidence From A 1994-1998 Spanish Data Panel," Working Papers. Serie EC 2002-18, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Económicas, S.A. (Ivie).
    11. Mohamed Soufeljil & Asma Sghaier & Zouhayer Mighri & Hanène Kheireddine, 2017. "The financial structure of the Tunisian listed businesses: an application on panel data," Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research, Springer;UNESCO Chair in Entrepreneurship, vol. 7(1), pages 1-25, December.
    12. Aktham Maghyereh, 2005. "Dynamic Capital Structure: Evidence From The Small Developing Country Of Jordan," IIUM Journal of Economics and Management, IIUM Journal of Economis and Management, vol. 13(1), pages 1-32, June.
    13. Víctor M. González & Francisco González, 2011. "Firm size and capital structure: Evidence using dynamic panel data," Post-Print hal-00730234, HAL.
    14. Ittner, Christopher D. & Larcker, David F., 2001. "Assessing empirical research in managerial accounting: a value-based management perspective," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 32(1-3), pages 349-410, December.
    15. Agrawal, Ashwini K. & Matsa, David A., 2013. "Labor unemployment risk and corporate financing decisions," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 108(2), pages 449-470.
    16. Aleksandra Stoiljković & Slavica Tomić & Bojan Leković & Milenko Matić, 2022. "Determinants of Capital Structure: Empirical Evidence of Manufacturing Companies in the Republic of Serbia," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(1), pages 1-19, December.
    17. Jianjun Miao, 2005. "Optimal Capital Structure and Industry Dynamics," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 60(6), pages 2621-2659, December.
    18. Anton Miglo, 2012. "Managers versus Students: New Approach in Improving Capital Structure Education," Journal of Education and Vocational Research, AMH International, vol. 3(11), pages 353-369.
    19. Tarek Ghazouani, 2013. "The Capital Structure through the Trade-Off Theory: Evidence from Tunisian Firm," International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, Econjournals, vol. 3(3), pages 625-636.
    20. Rapp, Marc Steffen & Schellong, Daniel A. & Schmidt, Maximilian & Wolff, Michael, 2010. "Considering the shareholder perspective: value-based management systems and stock market performance," CEFS Working Paper Series 2010-09, Technische Universität München (TUM), Center for Entrepreneurial and Financial Studies (CEFS).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:14:y:2022:i:5:p:2967-:d:763426. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.