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Efficacy of Online-Based Intervention for Anxiety during COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Author

Listed:
  • Kurniawan Kurniawan

    (Department of Mental Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 45363, Indonesia)

  • Iyus Yosep

    (Department of Mental Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 45363, Indonesia)

  • Sidik Maulana

    (Professional Nursing Program, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 45363, Indonesia)

  • Aep Maulid Mulyana

    (Professional Nursing Program, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 45363, Indonesia)

  • Shakira Amirah

    (Undergraduate Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia)

  • Muhammad Fahd Abdurrahman

    (Undergraduate Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia)

  • Aulia Sugianti

    (Professional Nursing Program, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 45363, Indonesia)

  • Enzel Gabriela Putri

    (Professional Nursing Program, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 45363, Indonesia)

  • Khoirunnisa Khoirunnisa

    (Department of Pediatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 45363, Indonesia)

  • Maria Komariah

    (Department of Fundamental Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 45363, Indonesia)

  • Kelvin Kohar

    (Undergraduate Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia)

  • Laili Rahayuwati

    (Department of Community Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 45363, Indonesia)

Abstract

COVID-19 has caused widespread psychological suffering. Anxiety is one of the several psychological disorders that are escalating globally, yet social distance constraints restrict in-person mental health therapy. Anxiety and other psychological disorders whose treatments are limited due to social distancing continue to grow, so there is an increasing need to use mental healthcare that can be offered remotely, especially in the pandemic era. This study aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of online-based interventions for anxiety during COVID-19. This study followed the Preferred Reporting Item for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (PRISMA). We collected data from three databases, namely PubMed, CINAHL, and Oxford Library Press, published in 2020–2022. Additionally, we collected data using the snowball technique. This meta-analysis analyzed the pooled mean difference (MD) and its p -value using random-effects models. Critical appraisal and risk of bias were assessed using Cochrane Risk of Bias (Rob) 2. We retrieved 34 RCTs for systematic review and 14 RCTs for meta-analysis, yielding 9159 participants for general anxiety disorder (GAD-7) measurement and 1303 participants for depression anxiety stress scale (DASS-21) measurement. This study shows that online-based interventions significantly reduce GAD-7 score (a pooled MD of 1.30; 95% CI: 2.83–4.65; p = 0.00001) and insignificantly reduce DASS-21 (0.05; 95% CI: −2.63–2.72; p = 0.97) according to pre- and post-test in intervention group. Additionally, there is a significant difference between the intervention and control groups, where the intervention group performed statistically progressively better than the controls (−7.26; 95% CI: −11.58–−2.95; p = 0.001) (−2.08; 95% CI: −6.71–2.55; p = 0.001). Online-based interventions have proved effective for reducing general anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic. Consequently, this meta-analysis can be adapted as a model for mental health services in the new normal.

Suggested Citation

  • Kurniawan Kurniawan & Iyus Yosep & Sidik Maulana & Aep Maulid Mulyana & Shakira Amirah & Muhammad Fahd Abdurrahman & Aulia Sugianti & Enzel Gabriela Putri & Khoirunnisa Khoirunnisa & Maria Komariah & , 2022. "Efficacy of Online-Based Intervention for Anxiety during COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(19), pages 1-17, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:14:y:2022:i:19:p:12866-:d:936946
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Cuiyan Wang & Riyu Pan & Xiaoyang Wan & Yilin Tan & Linkang Xu & Cyrus S. Ho & Roger C. Ho, 2020. "Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors during the Initial Stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Epidemic among the General Population in China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(5), pages 1-25, March.
    2. Jessica L. Schleider & Michael C. Mullarkey & Kathryn R. Fox & Mallory L. Dobias & Akash Shroff & Erica A. Hart & Chantelle A. Roulston, 2022. "A randomized trial of online single-session interventions for adolescent depression during COVID-19," Nature Human Behaviour, Nature, vol. 6(2), pages 258-268, February.
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