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Dimensionality of the Chinese CES-D: Is It Stable across Gender, Time, and Samples?

Author

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  • Diya Dou

    (Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China)

  • Daniel T. L. Shek

    (Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China)

  • Xiaoqin Zhu

    (Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China)

  • Li Zhao

    (West China School of Public Health/West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China)

Abstract

Depression is a common mental illness among Chinese adolescents. Although the Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) has been widely used in diverse populations, the reported factor structures are inconsistent, and its longitudinal invariance is under-researched. This study examined the psychometric properties and factorial invariance across gender and time of the CES-D among Chinese adolescents. Adolescents aged above 11 years from five schools in Chengdu responded to a questionnaire at Wave 1 ( n = 5690). Among them, 4981 participants completed the same questionnaire after six months (Wave 2). The matched sample was composed of 4922 students (51.5% were girls; mean age = 13.15 years) at Wave 1. We used exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to examine the factor structure and performed multi-group CFA to test the factorial invariance across gender and time. A three-factor solution was identified, including “positive affect”, “somatic complaints”, and “depressed affect”. Results of multi-group CFA comparisons supported the factorial invariance of the resultant three-factor solution. Using a new sample of Chinese adolescents in Southwestern China, the present study reproduced earlier findings on adolescents in other areas in China. This study has implications for depression assessment and research in Chinese adolescents.

Suggested Citation

  • Diya Dou & Daniel T. L. Shek & Xiaoqin Zhu & Li Zhao, 2021. "Dimensionality of the Chinese CES-D: Is It Stable across Gender, Time, and Samples?," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(22), pages 1-11, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:22:p:11818-:d:676771
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Adam Altmejd & Anna Dreber & Eskil Forsell & Juergen Huber & Taisuke Imai & Magnus Johannesson & Michael Kirchler & Gideon Nave & Colin Camerer, 2019. "Predicting the replicability of social science lab experiments," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 14(12), pages 1-18, December.
    2. Xinli Chi & Liuyue Huang & Jian Wang & Peichao Zhang, 2020. "The Prevalence and Socio-Demographic Correlates of Depressive Symptoms in Early Adolescents in China: Differences in Only Child and Non-Only Child Groups," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(2), pages 1-14, January.
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    Cited by:

    1. Daniel Tan Lei Shek & Kim Hung Leung & Diya Dou & Xiaoqin Zhu, 2022. "Impact of Family Functioning on Adolescent Materialism and Egocentrism in Mainland China: Positive Youth Development Attributes as a Mediator," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(17), pages 1-20, September.
    2. Yangu Pan & Di Zhou & Daniel T. L. Shek, 2022. "After-School Extracurricular Activities Participation and Depressive Symptoms in Chinese Early Adolescents: Moderating Effect of Gender and Family Economic Status," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(7), pages 1-19, April.

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