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Glyphosate’s Synergistic Toxicity in Combination with Other Factors as a Cause of Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Origin

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  • Sarath Gunatilake

    (Health Science Department, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA)

  • Stephanie Seneff

    (Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA)

  • Laura Orlando

    (Environmental Health Department, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA)

Abstract

Chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) is a global epidemic. Sri Lanka has experienced a doubling of the disease every 4 or 5 years since it was first identified in the North Central province in the mid-1990s. The disease primarily affects people in agricultural regions who are missing the commonly known risk factors for CKD. Sri Lanka is not alone: health workers have reported prevalence of CKDu in Mexico, Nicaragua, El Salvador, and the state of Andhra Pradesh in India. A global search for the cause of CKDu has not identified a single factor, but rather many factors that may contribute to the etiology of the disease. Some of these factors include heat stroke leading to dehydration, toxic metals such as cadmium and arsenic, fluoride, low selenium, toxigenic cyanobacteria, nutritionally deficient diet and mycotoxins from mold exposure. Furthermore, exposure to agrichemicals, particularly glyphosate and paraquat, are likely compounding factors, and may be the primary factors. Here, we argue that glyphosate in particular is working synergistically with most of the other factors to increase toxic effects. We propose, further, that glyphosate causes insidious harm through its action as an amino acid analogue of glycine, and that this interferes with natural protective mechanisms against other exposures. Glyphosate’s synergistic health effects in combination with exposure to other pollutants, in particular paraquat, and physical labor in the ubiquitous high temperatures of lowland tropical regions, could result in renal damage consistent with CKDu in Sri Lanka.

Suggested Citation

  • Sarath Gunatilake & Stephanie Seneff & Laura Orlando, 2019. "Glyphosate’s Synergistic Toxicity in Combination with Other Factors as a Cause of Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Origin," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(15), pages 1-26, July.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:16:y:2019:i:15:p:2734-:d:253379
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Noble, Andrew, 2014. "Review of literature on chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) in Sri Lanka," IWMI Working Papers H046435, International Water Management Institute.
    2. Channa Jayasumana & Sarath Gunatilake & Priyantha Senanayake, 2014. "Glyphosate, Hard Water and Nephrotoxic Metals: Are They the Culprits Behind the Epidemic of Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Etiology in Sri Lanka?," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 11(2), pages 1-23, February.
    3. Asoka Bandarage, 2013. "Political Economy of Epidemic Kidney Disease in Sri Lanka," SAGE Open, , vol. 3(4), pages 21582440135, October.
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    Cited by:

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    2. Armando Meyer & Aline Souza Espindola Santos & Carmen Ildes Rodrigues Froes Asmus & Volney Magalhaes Camara & Antônio José Leal Costa & Dale P. Sandler & Christine Gibson Parks, 2022. "Acute Kidney Failure among Brazilian Agricultural Workers: A Death-Certificate Case-Control Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(11), pages 1-12, May.

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