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Innovación y TLCAN. Una tarea pendiente

Author

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  • Unger, Kurt

    (Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas (CIDE))

Abstract

Background: This exercise revises the expectations related to NAFTA in regard to trade and foreign investment for Mexico. The literature of the 90’s also considered its effects on high tech. Method: We take 46 activities grouping industries in 15 subsectors (3 digits) and 31 branches (4 digits) accounting for total industrial GNP in 2014. We estimate the importance of value added and exports in association to the taxonomy of Pavitt (1984) to distinguish four types of technology industries. Using cluster analysis, two groups of states are identified in terms of importance of technology intensive industries. Results: There are two types of Mexican states in the role of technology intensive activities, which in term is related to the capacity to export. The 11 states of better performance are more diversified in their industrial structure. On the whole, the impact of NAFTA on innovation has been very limited. Conclusions: There is a limited effect of NAFTA on the development of technological capabilities for Mexico. There is a lag on R&D investment and GNP is more inclined to mature manufactures along the period. Nevertheless, the group of states in the northern border, central Mexico and a few in Bajio show a better performance in both the economic and exports numbers.// Antecedentes: Se revisan las expectativas asociadas al Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte (TLCAN) en lo comercial y en la atracción de inversión extranjera directa (IED). La literatura de la década de 1990 establecía que el TLCAN promovería el comercio, la inversión extranjera y el acceso a la tecnología de punta. Método: Tomamos 46 actividades que agrupan todas las ramas industriales (cuatro dígitos) en 15 subsectores a tres dígitos y 31 ramas individuales a cuatro dígitos, desde el Censo Económico de 2014. Se estiman la importancia del valor agregado asociado a la taxonomía de Pavitt (1984) en cuatro grupos de naturaleza tecnológica y también las exportaciones desde esos grupos. Mediante la técnica de análisis de cluster dicotómico se hace la distinción entre estados de acuerdo con el grado de actividades con presencia tecnológica. Resultados: El principal resultado es que hay dos tipos de entidades cuyo desempeño en el desarrollo de actividades de base tecnológica se traduce también en capacidad de exportar. Esto es, que los estados con estructuras industriales menos sesgadas y con mayor presencia de industrias de base tecnológica logran un mejor desempeño exportador. El impacto del TLCAN en favor de las actividades de innovación de largo aliento ha sido limitado. Conclusiones: Se destaca la limitada influencia del TLCAN sobre el desarrollo de capacidades tecnológicas en el país. Se observa un rezago permanente de la inversión en investigación y desarrollo (I&D) y el producto interno bruto (PIB) manufacturero privilegia las industrias relativamente maduras dejando también rezagadas a las de base tecnológica. Esto a pesar de que los estados con mayor inclinación por las actividades tecnológicas tienen un mejor desempeño económico y de exportaciones. Los estados que destacan son los de la frontera norte, los del centro del país y algunos del Bajío.

Suggested Citation

  • Unger, Kurt, 2018. "Innovación y TLCAN. Una tarea pendiente," El Trimestre Económico, Fondo de Cultura Económica, vol. 0(338), pages .223-251, abril-jun.
  • Handle: RePEc:elt:journl:v:85:y:2018:i:338:p:223-251
    DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20430/ete.v85i338.676
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    innovación; tecnología; TLCAN; exportaciones; estados;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • J24 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demand and Supply of Labor - - - Human Capital; Skills; Occupational Choice; Labor Productivity
    • D24 - Microeconomics - - Production and Organizations - - - Production; Cost; Capital; Capital, Total Factor, and Multifactor Productivity; Capacity
    • L25 - Industrial Organization - - Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior - - - Firm Performance
    • R12 - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics - - General Regional Economics - - - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity; Interregional Trade (economic geography)

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