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Does walking explain associations between access to greenspace and lower mortality?

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  • Lachowycz, Kate
  • Jones, Andy P.

Abstract

Despite emerging evidence that access to greenspace is associated with longer life expectancy, little is understood about what causal mechanisms may explain this relationship. Based on social-ecological theories of health, greenspace has multifaceted potential to influence mortality but the potential alternative mediating pathways have not been empirically tested. This study evaluates relationships between access to greenspace, walking and mortality. Firstly, we test for an association between access to greenspace and self-reported levels of walking using a survey of 165,424 adults across England collected during 2007 and 2008. Negative binomial regression multilevel models were used to examine associations between greenspace access and self reported number of days walked in the last month, in total and for recreational and health purposes, after controlling for relevant confounders. Secondly we use an area level analysis of 6781 middle super output areas across England to examine if recreational walking mediates relationships between greenspace access and reduced premature mortality from circulatory disease. Results show clear evidence of better greenspace access being associated with higher reported recreational walking. There were between 13% and 18% more days of recreational walking in the greenest quintile compared with the least green after adjustment for confounders. Tests for mediation found no evidence that recreational walking explain the associations between greenspace and mortality. Futhermore, whilst the relationship between greenspace access and walking was observed for all areas, the relationship between greenspace access and reduced mortality was only apparent in the most deprived areas. These findings indicate that the association between greenspace and mortality, if causal, may be explained by mediators other than walking, such as psychosocial factors. Future research should concentrate on understanding the causal mechanisms underlying observed associations.

Suggested Citation

  • Lachowycz, Kate & Jones, Andy P., 2014. "Does walking explain associations between access to greenspace and lower mortality?," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 107(C), pages 9-17.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:socmed:v:107:y:2014:i:c:p:9-17
    DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.02.023
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    6. Matthew H. E. M. Browning & Alessandro Rigolon, 2018. "Do Income, Race and Ethnicity, and Sprawl Influence the Greenspace-Human Health Link in City-Level Analyses? Findings from 496 Cities in the United States," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(7), pages 1-22, July.
    7. Alessia Grigoletto & Alberto Loi & Pasqualino Maietta Latessa & Sofia Marini & Natascia Rinaldo & Emanuela Gualdi-Russo & Luciana Zaccagni & Stefania Toselli, 2022. "Physical Activity Behavior, Motivation and Active Commuting: Relationships with the Use of Green Spaces in Italy," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(15), pages 1-15, July.
    8. Benjamin D. S. Cartwright & Mathew P. White & Theodore J. Clitherow, 2018. "Nearby Nature ‘Buffers’ the Effect of Low Social Connectedness on Adult Subjective Wellbeing over the Last 7 Days," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(6), pages 1-20, June.
    9. Alessandro Rigolon & Matthew H. E. M. Browning & Olivia McAnirlin & Hyunseo (Violet) Yoon, 2021. "Green Space and Health Equity: A Systematic Review on the Potential of Green Space to Reduce Health Disparities," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(5), pages 1-27, March.
    10. Alessia Grigoletto & Mario Mauro & Francesco Campa & Alberto Loi & Maria Cristina Zambon & Marzia Bettocchi & Mark Nieuwenhuijsen & Laura Bragonzoni & Pasqualino Maietta Latessa & Stefania Toselli, 2021. "Attitudes towards Green Urban Space: A Case Study of Two Italian Regions," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(12), pages 1-21, June.
    11. Shixian Luo & Jing Xie & Katsunori Furuya, 2021. "“We Need such a Space”: Residents’ Motives for Visiting Urban Green Spaces during the COVID-19 Pandemic," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(12), pages 1-18, June.
    12. Hanneke Kruize & Nina van der Vliet & Brigit Staatsen & Ruth Bell & Aline Chiabai & Gabriel Muiños & Sahran Higgins & Sonia Quiroga & Pablo Martinez-Juarez & Monica Aberg Yngwe & Fotis Tsichlas & Pani, 2019. "Urban Green Space: Creating a Triple Win for Environmental Sustainability, Health, and Health Equity through Behavior Change," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(22), pages 1-22, November.
    13. Maayan Yitshak-Sade & Peter James & Itai Kloog & Jaime E. Hart & Joel D. Schwartz & Francine Laden & Kevin J. Lane & M. Patricia Fabian & Kelvin C. Fong & Antonella Zanobetti, 2019. "Neighborhood Greenness Attenuates the Adverse Effect of PM 2.5 on Cardiovascular Mortality in Neighborhoods of Lower Socioeconomic Status," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(5), pages 1-10, March.
    14. Mireia Gascon & Margarita Triguero-Mas & David Martínez & Payam Dadvand & Joan Forns & Antoni Plasència & Mark J. Nieuwenhuijsen, 2015. "Mental Health Benefits of Long-Term Exposure to Residential Green and Blue Spaces: A Systematic Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 12(4), pages 1-26, April.
    15. Elliott, Lewis R. & White, Mathew P. & Taylor, Adrian H. & Herbert, Stephen, 2015. "Energy expenditure on recreational visits to different natural environments," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 139(C), pages 53-60.

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