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Direct heat utilization of geothermal resources

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  • Lund, John W.

Abstract

Direct utilization of geothermal energy consists of various forms for heating and cooling instead of converting the energy for electric power generation. The major areas of direct utilization are (1) swimming, bathing and balneology, (2) space heating and cooling including district heating, (3) agriculture applications, (4) aquaculture applications, (5) industrial processes, and (6) heat pumps. Major direct utilization projects exploiting geothermal energy exist in about 38 countries, and the estimated installed thermal power is almost 9,000 MWt utilizing 37,000 kg/s of fluid. The world-wide thermal energy used is estimated to be at least 108,100 TJ/yr (30,000 GWh/yr) - saving 3.65 million TOE/yr. The majority of this energy use is for space heating (33%), and swimming and bathing (19%). In the USA the installed thermal power is 1874 MWt, and the annual energy use is 13,890 TJ (3,860 GWh). The majority of the use (59 %) is for heat pumps (both ground coupled and water source), with space heating, bathing and swimming, and fish and animal farming each supplying about 10%.

Suggested Citation

  • Lund, John W., 1997. "Direct heat utilization of geothermal resources," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 10(2), pages 403-408.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:renene:v:10:y:1997:i:2:p:403-408
    DOI: 10.1016/0960-1481(96)00097-3
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Blum, Philipp & Campillo, Gisela & Münch, Wolfram & Kölbel, Thomas, 2010. "CO2 savings of ground source heat pump systems – A regional analysis," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 35(1), pages 122-127.
    2. Karytsas, Spyridon & Choropanitis, Ioannis, 2017. "Barriers against and actions towards renewable energy technologies diffusion: A Principal Component Analysis for residential ground source heat pump (GSHP) systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 252-271.
    3. Jana Lippelt & Johannes Pfeiffer & Michael Kunz, 2010. "Notes on the climate: Rescue from the depth?," ifo Schnelldienst, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, vol. 63(17), pages 30-33, September.
    4. Nakomcic-Smaragdakis, Branka & Dvornic, Tijana & Cepic, Zoran & Dragutinovic, Natasa, 2016. "Analysis and possible geothermal energy utilization in a municipality of Panonian Basin of Serbia," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 59(C), pages 940-951.
    5. Chao Yu & Tian Tian & Chengyu Hui & Haochen Huang & Yiqun Zhang, 2022. "Study on Unblocking and Permeability Enhancement Technology with Rotary Water Jet for Low Recharge Efficiency Wells in Sandstone Geothermal Reservoirs," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(24), pages 1-21, December.
    6. Choi, Jung Chan & Park, Joonsang & Lee, Seung Rae, 2013. "Numerical evaluation of the effects of groundwater flow on borehole heat exchanger arrays," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 52(C), pages 230-240.
    7. Javier F. Urchueguía & Lenin-Guillermo Lemus-Zúñiga & Jose-Vicente Oliver-Villanueva & Borja Badenes & Miguel A. Mateo Pla & José Manuel Cuevas, 2018. "How Reliable Are Standard Thermal Response Tests? An Assessment Based on Long-Term Thermal Response Tests Under Different Operational Conditions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(12), pages 1-24, November.

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