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Coexistence between large-scale mining (LSM) and artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) in Perú and Colombia

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  • Rodríguez-Novoa, Felipe
  • Holley, Elizabeth

Abstract

Artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) is common in mineral-rich locations in the developing world, generating a significant share of production for commodities such as gold. This sector is expanding due to economic and environmental pressures. Large-scale mining (LSM) will also need to expand to meet future demand for minerals and metal resources. The likelihood that these expansions will result in further points of contact between the LSM and ASM sectors is high. In this scenario, coexistence between ASM and LSM is key and should be seen as the capacity to build synergies and operate together. Our aim is to document the characteristics of sites where a LSM-ASM coexistence has been attempted, to identify key characteristics that are permissive or indicative of success. We built a database of sites in Colombia and Peru where ASM and LSM both occur, documenting the technical characteristics such as deposit and mineralization type, mining methods, recovery process and the social context including ethnicity, demographics, economic activities, and social organizations. We observed that coexistence occurs between ASM and both junior and senior LSM companies, covering all the stages of the mining cycle. Coexistence scenarios are most common in gold projects but cover a wide variety of deposit types including epithermal, porphyry and VMS among others. We observed differences in the mining laws between Colombia and Perú which result in contrasting approaches to ASM formalization, leading to variation in the observed coexistence scenarios. We conclude that governments have taken significant efforts to create tools for LSM companies and holders of mining titles to reach agreements with ASM miners. However, governments have failed to give ancestral ASM miners who do not belong to an ethnic minority the tools to defend their livelihoods, resulting in power-imbalanced negotiations. Nevertheless, the success of these agreements largely depends on the willingness of the parties to collaborate.

Suggested Citation

  • Rodríguez-Novoa, Felipe & Holley, Elizabeth, 2023. "Coexistence between large-scale mining (LSM) and artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) in Perú and Colombia," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 80(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:jrpoli:v:80:y:2023:i:c:s0301420722006055
    DOI: 10.1016/j.resourpol.2022.103162
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. World Bank, 2009. "Mining Together : Large-Scale Mining Meets Artisanal Mining, A Guide for Action," World Bank Publications - Reports 12458, The World Bank Group.
    2. Holley, Elizabeth A. & Smith, Nicole M. & Delgado Jimenez, Jeison Alejandro & Cabezas, Isabel Casasbuenas & Restrepo-Baena, Oscar Jaime, 2020. "Socio-technical context of the interactions between large-scale and small-scale mining in Marmato, Colombia," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 67(C).
    3. Sidorenko, Olga & Sairinen, Rauno & Moore, Kathryn, 2020. "Rethinking the concept of small-scale mining for technologically advanced raw materials production," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 68(C).
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    5. Cano, Álvaro & Kunz, Nadja C., 2022. "Large-scale and small-scale mining in Peru: Exploring the interface," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 76(C).
    6. Siegel, Shefa & Veiga, Marcello M., 2009. "Artisanal and small-scale mining as an extralegal economy: De Soto and the redefinition of "formalization"," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 34(1-2), pages 51-56.
    7. Aubynn, Anthony, 2009. "Sustainable solution or a marriage of inconvenience? The coexistence of large-scale mining and artisanal and small-scale mining on the Abosso Goldfields concession in Western Ghana," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 34(1-2), pages 64-70.
    8. Sonia M. Valdivia & Cassia M. L. Ugaya, 2011. "Life Cycle Inventories of Gold Artisanal and Small‐Scale Mining Activities in Peru," Journal of Industrial Ecology, Yale University, vol. 15(6), pages 922-936, December.
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    1. Ruth Zárate Rueda & Yolima Ivonne Beltrán Villamizar & Luis Eduardo Becerra Ardila, 2023. "Neo-Extractivism and Formalization of Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining—The Case of the Santurbán Moorland (Colombia)," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(15), pages 1-16, July.

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