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The digital divide: Risk and protective factors and the differences in problematic use of digital devices among Hungarian youth

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  • Kiss, Hedvig
  • Fitzpatrick, Kevin M.
  • Piko, Bettina F.

Abstract

A number of psychological factors have been found to be relevant in terms of problematic use of digital devices. Some of them may serve as risk factors, while others mean protection. The main goal of present study was to determine user profiles and to examine differences among them based on several psychological variables using cluster analysis. Data were collected from high school and university students via an online questionnaire from November 2017 to January 2018 (N = 249; females: 62.2%, Mean age = 22.5 years, SD = 3.5). Based on bivariate correlations, sensation seeking, flow and boredom proneness acted as risk factors for developing problematic technological use. However, self-esteem, self-regulation and resilience were significant protective factors against problematic technological use. In an effort to develop a set of profiles that would capture this student population and their usage relative to risk, we identified four distinct user profiles through the use of cluster analysis. The first cluster was labeled as strongly protected sensation-seekers who were more prone to problematic use (18.5%) with moderately high levels of protection, but with the highest scores on the boredom proneness and sensation seeking scales. The second cluster consisted of more balanced and non-vulnerable users (26.1%), who achieved average scores on both risk and protective factors scales. The third cluster was labeled protected, conscious users who were slightly prone to problematic use (39.8%) with lower levels of problematic use and risk factors, and with higher levels of protective factors. The fourth cluster was labeled as strongly problematic, unprotected users (15.7%), who achieved the highest scores of problematic use, and were the less protected having the lowest levels of protective factors scores. We conclude that cluster analysis was suitable for detecting differences in vulnerability to problematic Internet and smartphone use. Psychological factors, such as sensation seeking, flow and boredom, self-esteem, self-regulation and resilience serve as useful tools for providing information to better understanding the role of risk and protective factors in the prevention of youth’s problematic use of digital devices.

Suggested Citation

  • Kiss, Hedvig & Fitzpatrick, Kevin M. & Piko, Bettina F., 2020. "The digital divide: Risk and protective factors and the differences in problematic use of digital devices among Hungarian youth," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 108(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:cysrev:v:108:y:2020:i:c:s0190740919307492
    DOI: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.104612
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Feyza Meryem Kara, 2019. "Internet Addiction: Relationship with Perceived Freedom in Leisure, Perception of Boredom and Sensation Seeking," Higher Education Studies, Canadian Center of Science and Education, vol. 9(2), pages 131-140, June.
    2. repec:ibn:hesjnl:v:9:y:2019:i:2:p:131 is not listed on IDEAS
    3. Yu-Hsuan Lin & Li-Ren Chang & Yang-Han Lee & Hsien-Wei Tseng & Terry B J Kuo & Sue-Huei Chen, 2014. "Development and Validation of the Smartphone Addiction Inventory (SPAI)," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 9(6), pages 1-5, June.
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    1. María Angeles Peláez-Fernández & María Teresa Chamizo-Nieto & Lourdes Rey & Natalio Extremera, 2021. "How Do Cyber Victimization and Low Core Self-Evaluations Interrelate in Predicting Adolescent Problematic Technology Use?," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(6), pages 1-12, March.
    2. Yookyung Eoh & Eunsik Lee & Soo Hyun Park, 2022. "The Relationship between Children’s School Adaptation, Academic Achievement, Happiness, and Problematic Smartphone Usage: A Multiple Informant Moderated Mediating Model," Applied Research in Quality of Life, Springer;International Society for Quality-of-Life Studies, vol. 17(6), pages 3579-3593, December.
    3. Paloma Valdivia-Vizarreta & María Pilar Rodrigo-Moriche & Roberto Sánchez-Cabrero & Karla Villaseñor-Palma & Vanessa Moreno-Rodríguez, 2021. "Main Cross-Cutting Training Contents of LEISURE and Free Time Schools: Acceptance of Groups Involved in the Leisure Time Instructor Courses," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(16), pages 1-17, August.

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