IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/diw/diwvjh/78-2-9.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Die Finanzierung der deutschen Einheit: zum Umgang mit der Schuldenlast der Wiedervereinigung

Author

Listed:
  • Florian Zinsmeister

Abstract

At the end of 2008, national debt in Germany reached 1.518 Billion Euros. A huge share of these liabilities has its origin in the German unification process, namely in the assumption of the GDR's national obligations as well as in the credit financing of the eastern German convergence process. Liabilities of eastern German states ("Länder") and communities (without Berlin) add up to 15 percent of states' and communities' total debts (with Berlin 25 percent). Yet, these figures do not reflect the costs of unification at all - these are pooled among many shoulders today. One factor that contributed to the excessive debt expansion was the much too optimistic fiscal policy strategy in the first post-unification years: The economic unity of Germany was mainly supposed to be installed through transfers. The mid 90's disillusion regarding growth potential in eastern Germany let politicians realize these measures would not be sufficient; simultaneously the states answered with large decreases of their investment expenditures to the new needs to consolidate - above all because they passed up the chance to cut government consumption before. As a consequence, eastern growth potential further decreased. Finally, with the liquidation of the Fonds Deutsche Einheit in 2005 liabilities due to the German unification cannot longer be identified in the statistics on debt of public budgets. Yet, the unification still burdens public budgets through various transfer systems. Die Staatsverschuldung der Bundesrepublik Deutschland betrug Ende des Jahres 2008 1 518 Milliarden Euro. Ein großer Teil dieser Schulden hat seinen Ursprung im deutschen Einigungsprozess, und zwar sowohl in der Übernahme von Altschulden der DDR als auch in der Kreditfinanzierung des ostdeutschen Aufholprozesses. Die Verschuldung der ostdeutschen Bundesländer und Gemeinden ohne Berlin beträgt rund 15 Prozent der Gesamtschulden der deutschen Länder und Gemeinden (mit Berlin 25 Prozent). Die Kosten der Einheit dürften diese Schulden aber in keinem Fall widerspiegeln - sie sind heute auf viele Schultern verteilt. Ausschlaggebend für den hohen Schuldenaufbau war auch die zu optimistische finanzpolitische Strategie in den ersten Jahren nach der Wiedervereinigung: Transferzahlungen, gebündelt in zwei Sondervermögen, sollten die ökonomische Einheit Deutschlands ermöglichen. Mit der Ernüchterung Mitte der 90er Jahre kam zwar die Einsicht, dass die Mittel nicht ausreichen würden; gleichzeitig setzte jedoch ein Konsolidierungsdruck ein, der von den Ländern mit einer erheblichen Zurückhaltung bei den Investitionsausgaben beantwortet wurde, da Einsparpotenziale bei den Konsumausgaben zuvor ungenutzt blieben. Als Folge wurden die Wachstumschancen der neuen Bundesländer weiter verringert. Mit der Auflösung des Fonds Deutsche Einheit im Jahr 2005 endet die Ära der expliziten Ausweisung einheitsbedingter Schulden in der Statistik, wenngleich eine einheitsbedingte Belastung der öffentlichen Haushalte über verschiedenste Transfersysteme noch weiter besteht.

Suggested Citation

  • Florian Zinsmeister, 2009. "Die Finanzierung der deutschen Einheit: zum Umgang mit der Schuldenlast der Wiedervereinigung," Vierteljahrshefte zur Wirtschaftsforschung / Quarterly Journal of Economic Research, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research, vol. 78(2), pages 146-160.
  • Handle: RePEc:diw:diwvjh:78-2-9
    DOI: 10.3790/vjh.78.2.146
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://doi.org/10.3790/vjh.78.2.146
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.3790/vjh.78.2.146?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Stefan Bach & Dieter Vesper, 2000. "Finanzpolitik und Wiedervereinigung: Bilanz nach 10 Jahren," Vierteljahrshefte zur Wirtschaftsforschung / Quarterly Journal of Economic Research, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research, vol. 69(2), pages 194-224.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Steffen Murau & Jan-Erik Thie, 2022. "Für eine Ausstattung des Energie- und Klimafonds mit Kreditermächtigungen [In Favor of Endowing the Energy and Climate Fund with Borrowing Powers]," Wirtschaftsdienst, Springer;ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, vol. 102(6), pages 449-455, June.
    2. Sascha Buetzer, 2022. "Advancing the Monetary Policy Toolkit through Outright Transfers," IMF Working Papers 2022/087, International Monetary Fund.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Truger, Achim & Jacoby, Wade, 2002. "Tax Reforms and "Modell Deutschland": Lessons from Four Years of Red-Green Tax-Policy," Institute of European Studies, Working Paper Series qt31866224, Institute of European Studies, UC Berkeley.
    2. Claro, Sebastian, 2006. "Supporting inefficient firms with capital subsidies: China and Germany in the 1990s," Journal of Comparative Economics, Elsevier, vol. 34(2), pages 377-401, June.
    3. Konstantin Arkadievich Kholodilin & Boriss Siliverstovs & Stefan Kooths, 2008. "A Dynamic Panel Data Approach to the Forecasting of the GDP of German Länder," Spatial Economic Analysis, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 3(2), pages 195-207.
    4. Blum, Ulrich & Ragnitz, Joachim & Freye, Sabine & Scharfe, Simone & Schneider, Lutz, 2009. "Regionalisierung öffentlicher Ausgaben und Einnahmen: Eine Untersuchung am Beispiel der Neuen Länder," IWH-Sonderhefte 4/2009, Halle Institute for Economic Research (IWH).
    5. Michael Kloß & Robert Lehmann & Joachim Ragnitz & Gerhard Untiedt, 2012. "Declining transfer payments on the economic performance in Eastern Germany," ifo Dresden Studien, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, number 63.
    6. Paul Frijters & John P. Haisken-DeNew & Michael A. Shields, 2004. "Investigating the Patterns and Determinants of Life Satisfaction in Germany Following Reunification," Journal of Human Resources, University of Wisconsin Press, vol. 39(3).
    7. Truger, Achim, 2003. "Germany's Poor Economic Performance in the Last Decade: It's the Macroeconomy, not Institutional Sclerosis," WSI Working Papers 118, The Institute of Economic and Social Research (WSI), Hans Böckler Foundation.
    8. Sebastián Claro, 2002. "On the Costs and Effectiveness of Tarjeting State Employment: Germany in the 1990s and China in the 2000s," Documentos de Trabajo 218, Instituto de Economia. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile..

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Public budgets; public debt;

    JEL classification:

    • H63 - Public Economics - - National Budget, Deficit, and Debt - - - Debt; Debt Management; Sovereign Debt
    • H73 - Public Economics - - State and Local Government; Intergovernmental Relations - - - Interjurisdictional Differentials and Their Effects
    • N44 - Economic History - - Government, War, Law, International Relations, and Regulation - - - Europe: 1913-

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:diw:diwvjh:78-2-9. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Bibliothek (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://edirc.repec.org/data/diwbede.html .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.