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The Modern Census: Evolution, Examples and Evaluation

Author

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  • Bernard Baffour
  • Thomas King
  • Paolo Valente

Abstract

A national census provides important information on a country's population that is used in government planning and to underpin the national statistical system. Therefore, the quality of such information is paramount but is not as simple as the crude accuracy of population totals. Furthermore, changes in the pace and nature of modern life, such as the growing geographical mobility of the population, increasingly pose challenges to census practice and data quality. More recently, even the need for a census has been questioned on grounds of financial austerity and widespread availability of alternative population information sources. This article reviews how the modern census originated and how it evolved to confront these challenges, driven by indicators of quality and needs of users, and provides reflections on the future of the census within the national statistical infrastructure. To illustrate our discussions, we use case studies from a diverse range of national contexts. We demonstrate the implications that a country's needs, circumstances and experiences have on the census approach and practice while identifying the fundamental demographic assumptions. Un recensement national fournit sur la population d'un pays des renseignements fondamentaux qui sont utilisás dans la planification des mesures gouvernementales, et sur lesquels s'appuie l'ensemble de la production des statistiques officielles. Ainsi, la qualitá de cette information est primordiale et ne se rásume pas à la seule exactitude brute d'un dánombrement de la population. Par ailleurs, les changements dans le rythme et le style de vie de la population, tels que la croissance de la mobilitá gáographique, posent de plus en plus de dáfis à la conduite d'un recensement, avec le risque d'affecter la qualitá des rásultats. Plus rácemment, la nácessitá même d'un recensement a átá questionnáe en raison des restrictions budgátaires et de la disponibilitá croissante des sources alternatives d'information sur la population.Cet article examine les raisons qui sont à l'origine des initiatives demodernisation des recensements et les ráponses concrètes proposáes pour faire face à ces dáfis. Cette dámarche s'appuie sur des impáratifs de qualitá et de satisfaction des besoins des utilisateurs. Nous offrons des pistes de ráflexion sur l'avenir du recensement au sein de l'infrastructure statistique nationale et les illustrons à partir d' átudes de cas prásentant une large variátá d'exemples nationaux. Nous prásentons, dans chaque cas, l'impact des changements socio‐áconomiques et budgátaires sur l'approche et la conduite d'un recensement, tout en identifiant les hypothèses dámographiques fondamentales.

Suggested Citation

  • Bernard Baffour & Thomas King & Paolo Valente, 2013. "The Modern Census: Evolution, Examples and Evaluation," International Statistical Review, International Statistical Institute, vol. 81(3), pages 407-425, December.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:istatr:v:81:y:2013:i:3:p:407-425
    DOI: 10.1111/insr.12036
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. J. J. Brown & I. D. Diamond & R. L. Chambers & L. J. Buckner & A. D. Teague, 1999. "A methodological strategy for a one‐number census in the UK," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A, Royal Statistical Society, vol. 162(2), pages 247-267.
    2. Philip Redfern, 2004. "An alternative view of the 2001 census and future census taking," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A, Royal Statistical Society, vol. 167(2), pages 209-228, May.
    3. David Coleman, 2013. "The Twilight of the Census," Population and Development Review, The Population Council, Inc., vol. 38, pages 334-351, February.
    4. D. H. Judson, 2007. "Information integration for constructing social statistics: history, theory and ideas towards a research programme," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A, Royal Statistical Society, vol. 170(2), pages 483-501, March.
    5. Spyros Missiakoulis, 2010. "Cecrops, King of Athens: the First (?) Recorded Population Census in History," International Statistical Review, International Statistical Institute, vol. 78(3), pages 413-418, December.
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    2. Elżbieta Gołata, 2016. "Shift In Methodology And Population Census Quality," Statistics in Transition New Series, Polish Statistical Association, vol. 17(4), pages 631-658, December.
    3. Gutiérrez, José Manuel, 2023. "Census-based comparability of data on literacy processes in Western Europe," MPRA Paper 119319, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    4. Gołata Elżbieta, 2016. "Shift in Methodology and Population Census Quality," Statistics in Transition New Series, Polish Statistical Association, vol. 17(4), pages 631-658, December.
    5. Maciej Beręsewicz, 2017. "A Two-Step Procedure to Measure Representativeness of Internet Data Sources," International Statistical Review, International Statistical Institute, vol. 85(3), pages 473-493, December.
    6. Gutiérrez, José Manuel & Quiroga Valle, Gloria, 2023. "Gender gap and spatial disparities in the evolution of literacy in Spain, 1860-1910," MPRA Paper 116235, University Library of Munich, Germany.

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