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Laying the Foundations for a Crisis: Mapping the Historico‐Geographical Construction of Residential Mortgage Backed Securitization in the UK

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  • THOMAS WAINWRIGHT

Abstract

This article will explore the geographical origins of Residential Mortgage Backed Securitization (RMBS) in the United States and map the subsequent migration of RMBS, as idea, technology and investment vehicle, to the United Kingdom and other nation‐states during the 1990s. It will illustrate how RMBS was used as a medium to circulate capital and construct urban space, and seek to interpret the development of RMBS and the contemporary credit crisis in the UK through a series of historical, political and sociological lenses. It argues that, despite travelling across the globe, this financial innovation has maintained a spatial sensitivity since the idea of securitization has been embodied and (re)interpreted in specific spaces to comply with local economic, political and social institutions. It also argues that this is an important primer to understanding the ‘credit crunch’ of 2007 and its repercussions. The article focuses particularly on how the current significance of securitization and RMBS can be traced back to the ‘Big Bang’ and the wider processes of the competitive re‐regulation of the City of London and the British financial system more generally during the mid‐1980s. It shows the differential evolution of securitization in the UK and US, and in so doing argues that such spatial variations have left different financial institutions in the two economies exposed to different forms of credit and market risk. Résumé Cet article revient sur les origines géographiques de la titrisation adossée à des crédits hypothécaires au logement (RMBS) aux États‐Unis, puis cartographie la migration ultérieure de cette titrisation, en tant que concept, technologie et véhicule d’investissement, vers le Royaume‐Uni et d’autres États‐nations, au cours des années 1990. Après avoir montré comment les titres RMBS ont servi de support pour faire circuler les capitaux et construire l’espace urbain, il expliquera l’évolution des RMBS et de la crise du crédit contemporaine au Royaume‐Uni selon plusieurs angles (historique, politique et sociologique). Malgré sa migration planétaire, cette innovation financière a conservé une sensibilité spatiale, l’idée de titrisation ayant été concrétisée et (ré)interprétée dans des espaces particuliers en adéquation avec des institutions économiques, politiques et sociales locales. Ce point est important pour comprendre le ‘resserrement du crédit’ de 2007 et ses répercussions. Toutefois, on peut déterminer que l’importance actuelle de la titrisation et des RMBS est due au ‘Big Bang’ et aux vastes processus de rerégulation par la concurrence de la City de Londres et, de façon plus générale, du système financier britannique au milieu des années 1980. On constate des divergences d’évolution de la titrisation entre Royaume‐Uni et États‐Unis, ces variations exposant différentes institutions financières des deux économies à différentes formes de risques liés au crédit et au marché.

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  • Thomas Wainwright, 2009. "Laying the Foundations for a Crisis: Mapping the Historico‐Geographical Construction of Residential Mortgage Backed Securitization in the UK," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 33(2), pages 372-388, June.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:ijurrs:v:33:y:2009:i:2:p:372-388
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2427.2009.00876.x
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    1. Manuel B. Aalbers, 2009. "The Sociology and Geography of Mortgage Markets: Reflections on the Financial Crisis," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 33(2), pages 281-290, June.
    2. Manuel B. Aalbers, 2009. "The Globalization and Europeanization of Mortgage Markets," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 33(2), pages 389-410, June.
    3. Gary A. Dymski, 2009. "Afterword: Mortgage Markets and the Urban Problematic in the Global Transition," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 33(2), pages 427-442, June.
    4. Saskia Sassen, 2009. "When Local Housing Becomes an Electronic Instrument: The Global Circulation of Mortgages — A Research Note," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 33(2), pages 411-426, June.
    5. Clark Gordon L, 2021. "The Significance of Financial Competence and Risk Tolerance in Home-Related Expenditure by Jurisdiction and Regime," ZFW – Advances in Economic Geography, De Gruyter, vol. 65(1), pages 12-27, March.
    6. Richard Waldron & Declan Redmond, 2016. "Stress in Suburbia: Counting the Costs of Ireland's Property Crash and Mortgage Arrears Crisis," Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, Royal Dutch Geographical Society KNAG, vol. 107(4), pages 484-501, September.
    7. Beibei Zhang, 2020. "Social policies, financial markets and the multi-scalar governance of affordable housing in Toronto," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 57(13), pages 2628-2645, October.
    8. Natacha Aveline-Dubach, 2017. "Embedment of “Liquid” Capital into the Built Environment:," Post-Print halshs-01563507, HAL.
    9. Manuel B. Aalbers, 2017. "The Variegated Financialization of Housing," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 41(4), pages 542-554, July.
    10. Emanuele Belotti & Sonia Arbaci, 2021. "From right to good, and to asset: The state-led financialisation of the social rented housing in Italy," Environment and Planning C, , vol. 39(2), pages 414-433, March.
    11. Thomas Wainwright, 2011. "Tax Doesn't Have to Be Taxing: London's ‘Onshore’ Finance Industry and the Fiscal Spaces of a Global Crisis," Environment and Planning A, , vol. 43(6), pages 1287-1304, June.
    12. Jesús M. González-Pérez, 2022. "Evictions, Foreclosures, and Global Housing Speculation in Palma, Spain," Land, MDPI, vol. 11(2), pages 1-26, February.
    13. J. N. Marshall & A. Pike & J. S. Pollard & J. Tomaney & S. Dawley & J. Gray, 2012. "Placing the run on northern rock," Journal of Economic Geography, Oxford University Press, vol. 12(1), pages 157-181, January.
    14. Elvin Wyly & Markus Moos & Daniel Hammel & Emanuel Kabahizi, 2009. "Cartographies of Race and Class: Mapping the Class‐Monopoly Rents of American Subprime Mortgage Capital," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 33(2), pages 332-354, June.
    15. Isil Erol, 2019. "New Geographies of Residential Capitalism: Financialization of the Turkish Housing Market Since the Early 2000s," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 43(4), pages 724-740, July.
    16. Nick Gallent & Dan Durrant & Neil May, 2017. "Housing supply, investment demand and money creation: A comment on the drivers of London’s housing crisis," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 54(10), pages 2204-2216, August.
    17. Dariusz Wójcik, 2013. "The Dark Side of NY–LON: Financial Centres and the Global Financial Crisis," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 50(13), pages 2736-2752, October.
    18. Leigh Johnson, 2014. "Geographies of Securitized Catastrophe Risk and the Implications of Climate Change," Economic Geography, Clark University, vol. 90(2), pages 155-185, April.
    19. Gutierrez Garza, Ana Paola, 2019. "Te lo tienes que currar: enacting an ethics of care in times of austerity," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 102294, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.

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