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Privatizing the commons: reforming the ejido and urban development in Mexico

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  • Gareth A. Jones
  • Peter M. Ward

Abstract

Few studies worldwide have analysed how to manage equitably the process whereby ‘customary’ or ‘common’ land can be incorporated into future urban development, particularly in so far as this might be achieved through privatization and deregulation. This paper focuses upon Mexico and the 1991–2 reforms of Article 27 which dramatically changed the tenure codes and political relations covering the widespread customary land sector — called ejidos. It is argued that, in effect, the reforms constitute deregulation of former tenure relations rather than outright privatization, and that rather than being radical in content, the reforms are subtle redefinitions of past practices in which the balance of administrative power over ejidal land has shifted significantly, away from the Agrarian Reform Ministry towards the Social Development Ministry and local (city) government. Deregulation appears to offer three principal scenarios for public and private sector ejido land development: Urban Development Companies, Joint Ventures and Extension to the ‘Urban Zone’, yet to date there is little evidence that any one has proven sufficiently attractive to be pursued intensively, and the paper suggests that illegal alienation of ejido land is likely to continue and may get worse. However, the latest Urban Development Program 1995–2000 identifies ejido land deregulation and urban development as one of its principal strategies, tied to President Zedillo’s New Federalism project, which seeks to strengthen municipal and state government capacity and effectiveness. This profound shift in the structure of political managerial authority and responsibility offers the increased likelihood that land regularization practices and urban planning of the now deregulated ejidos will become more significant in the future. Peu d’études au niveau mondial ont analysé comment on peut organiser équitablement un processus où les terres ‘d’usage’ ou ‘communes’ peuvent être incorporées dans le futur développement urbain, particulièrement si cela est fait par privatisation et déréglementation. Cet article concerne le Mexique et les réformes de l’article 27 de 1991–92 qui changent dramatiquement les codes des régimes fonciers et les relations politiques du secteur important des terres ‘d’usage’— appelées ejidos. Nous soutenons que les réformes constituent en fait une déréglementation des relations foncières précédentes plutôt qu’une privatisation directe/du premier coup, et que, plutôt que d’avoir un contenu radical, les réformes sont une redéfinition subtile des pratiques du passé dans laquelle l’équilibre du pouvoir administratif sur les terres ejidales a changé de façon significative, s’éloignant du Ministère des Réformes Agrariennes vers le Ministère du Développement Social et le gouvernement local (de la ville). La déréglementation semble offrir trois scénarios principaux pour le développement public et privé des terres du secteur edijo: les Compagnies de Développement Urbain, les Coentreprises et l’Extension a la ‘Zone Urbaine’, et cependant à ce jour il y a peu d’évidence qu’aucune de ces strategies ait été suffisamment intéressante pour être poursuivie de façon intensive, et cet article suggère que l’aliénation illégale des terres ejidos continuera probablement et risque d’empirer. Cependant, le dernier programme de Développement Urbain (1995–2000) identifie la déréglementation des terres edijos et le développement urbain un de ses comme stratégies principales liées au projet de Nouveau Fédéralisme du président Zedillo qui a pour but de renforcer la capacité et efficacité des gouvernements municipaux et national. Ce changement profond dans la structure de l’autorité et de la responsabilité politiques directoriales signifie qu’il est plus probable que les pratiques de déréglementation des terres et de planification urbaine des ejidos qui sont maintenant déréglementés deviendra encore plus importante.

Suggested Citation

  • Gareth A. Jones & Peter M. Ward, 1998. "Privatizing the commons: reforming the ejido and urban development in Mexico," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 22(1), pages 76-93, March.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:ijurrs:v:22:y:1998:i:1:p:76-93
    DOI: 10.1111/1468-2427.00124
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    Cited by:

    1. Daniel Otero Peña & Daniela Perrotti & Eugene Mohareb, 2022. "Advancing urban metabolism studies through GIS data: Resource flows, open space networks, and vulnerable communities in Mexico City," Journal of Industrial Ecology, Yale University, vol. 26(4), pages 1333-1349, August.
    2. Huesca-Pérez, María Elena & Sheinbaum-Pardo, Claudia & Köppel, Johann, 2016. "Social implications of siting wind energy in a disadvantaged region – The case of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Mexico," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 58(C), pages 952-965.
    3. Leonardo Barleta & Mateo Carrillo & Zephyr Frank & Erik Steiner, 2020. "Ejidos, Urbanization, and the Production of Inequality in Formerly Agricultural Lands, Guadalajara, Mexico, 1975–2020," Land, MDPI, vol. 9(12), pages 1-21, December.
    4. Melissa Schumacher & Pamela Durán-Díaz & Anne Kristiina Kurjenoja & Eduardo Gutiérrez-Juárez & David A. González-Rivas, 2019. "Evolution and Collapse of Ejidos in Mexico—To What Extent Is Communal Land Used for Urban Development?," Land, MDPI, vol. 8(10), pages 1-21, October.
    5. Liette Gilbert & Feike De Jong, 2015. "Entanglements of Periphery and Informality in Mexico City," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 39(3), pages 518-532, May.
    6. Paavo Monkkonen, 2012. "The Demand for Land Regularisation: Theory and Evidence from Tijuana, Mexico," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 49(2), pages 271-288, February.
    7. Annette M. Kim, 2011. "Introduction: Real Rights to the City—Cases of Property Rights Changes towards Equity in Eastern Asia," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 48(3), pages 459-469, February.
    8. Tellman, Beth & Eakin, Hallie & Janssen, Marco A. & de Alba, Felipe & Turner II, B.L., 2021. "The role of institutional entrepreneurs and informal land transactions in Mexico City’s urban expansion," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 140(C).
    9. Ann Varley & Clara Salazar, 2021. "THE IMPACT OF MEXICO’S LAND REFORM ON PERIURBAN HOUSING PRODUCTION: Neoliberal or Neocorporatist?," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 45(6), pages 964-984, November.
    10. Anke Schwarz & Monika Streule, 2016. "A Transposition of Territory: Decolonized Perspectives in Current Urban Research," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 40(5), pages 1000-1016, September.
    11. Melanie Lombard, 2016. "Land conflict in peri-urban areas: Exploring the effects of land reform on informal settlement in Mexico," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 53(13), pages 2700-2720, October.
    12. Valerio Cutini & Valerio Di Pinto & Antonio Maria Rinaldi & Francesco Rossini, 2020. "Proximal Cities: Does Walkability Drive Informal Settlements?," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(3), pages 1-20, January.
    13. Julie-Anne Boudreau & Liette Gilbert & Danielle Labbé, 2016. "Uneven state formalization and periurban housing production in Hanoi and Mexico City: Comparative reflections from the global South," Environment and Planning A, , vol. 48(12), pages 2383-2401, December.
    14. Barbier,Edward B., 2007. "Natural Resources and Economic Development," Cambridge Books, Cambridge University Press, number 9780521706513.
    15. Monika Streule & Ozan Karaman & Lindsay Sawyer & Christian Schmid, 2020. "Popular Urbanization: Conceptualizing Urbanization Processes Beyond Informality," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 44(4), pages 652-672, July.

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