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Agriculture trade restrictiveness in Canada: How important are the cross effects?

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  • Yves Surry
  • James Rude

Abstract

A trade restrictiveness index (TRI) aggregates an entire protection structure into a single uniform measure that is consistent with trade theory and reflects the extent of policy interventions on trade or welfare. Although there are several variants of a TRI, all approaches aggregate protective measures using weights that depend on import demand and export supply elasticities; some studies ignore cross‐price effects while others account for them. This study measures the degree of bias introduced by ignoring cross effects. It provides a practical approach to account for demand‐ and supply‐side cross‐price effects in a multi‐commodity TRI setting. This approach is illustrated with a case study of distortions in the Canadian crop and livestock sector. Domestic demand and supply cross effects are approximated using a “constant differences of elasticities of substitution” functional form. On average, over the period 1996–2016, we find that cross‐price effects do make a difference, and that including them makes the TRI 27% higher than an approach which ignores them. Furthermore, both TRI approaches produce indices that are higher and more variable than the OECD's percentage Producer Support Estimate (PSE) that measures policy transfers as a share of gross farm receipts. The fundamental differences between a TRI and PSE% is driven by market price support for milk. Un indice de restriction des échanges (TRI) regroupe l'ensemble de la structure de protection en une mesure uniforme compatible avec la théorie des échanges et reflétant l'ampleur des interventions en matière de commerce international ou de bien‐être. Bien qu'il existe plusieurs variantes du TRI, toutes les approches combinent des mesures de protection en utilisant des poids qui dépendent de la demande pour les importations et des élasticités de l'offre à l'exportation; certaines études ignorent les effets de prix croisés alors que d'autres en tiennent compte. Cette étude mesure le degré de biais introduit en ignorant les effets croisés. Il fournit une approche pratique permettant de prendre en compte les effets de prix croisés de l'offre et de la demande dans un cadre TRI multi‐produits. Cette approche est illustrée par une étude de cas de distorsions dans le secteur canadien des grandes cultures et de l'élevage. Les effets croisés de la demande intérieure et de l'offre sont estimés à l'aide d'une forme fonctionnelle du type « constant differences of elasticities of substitution ». En moyenne, sur la période 1996‐2016, nous constatons que les effets de prix croisés font une différence et que leur inclusion rend le TRI de 27% supérieur à une approche qui les ignore. En outre, les deux approches du TRI produisent des indices plus élevés et plus variables que l'estimation du soutien aux producteurs (ESP) de l'OCDE, qui mesure les transferts en pourcentage des recettes agricoles brutes. Les différences fondamentales entre un TRI et un ESP exprimé en pourcentage (%) découlent du prix de soutien dans le secteur laitier.

Suggested Citation

  • Yves Surry & James Rude, 2019. "Agriculture trade restrictiveness in Canada: How important are the cross effects?," Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics/Revue canadienne d'agroeconomie, Canadian Agricultural Economics Society/Societe canadienne d'agroeconomie, vol. 67(4), pages 433-448, December.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:canjag:v:67:y:2019:i:4:p:433-448
    DOI: 10.1111/cjag.12204
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