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The law and economics of Canada's WTO litigation contesting U.S. country‐of‐origin labeling (COOL)

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  • Daniel A. Sumner
  • Ton Zuijdwijk

Abstract

We explain the interplay of law and economics in the successful WTO challenge by Canada of U.S. mandatory country‐of‐origin labeling (COOL) measures for beef and pork, which hinged on origin of livestock used in U.S. meat production. Canada mounted a successful legal and economic strategy to convince WTO adjudicating bodies that the United States had violated specific WTO provisions. Canada's economic evidence shows that through costs of segregation the COOL measure harmed the competitive position of Canadian cattle and hogs in the U.S. market. Economic evidence was built into the strategy and cited by the WTO Panels in support of their legal findings that the COOL measure violated U.S. obligations under WTO agreements. Canada was awarded rights to more than one billion Canadian dollars in retaliation and the United States responded by eliminating the offending COOL measure. The COOL case demonstrates how economic and econometric evidence can be used in complex dispute settlement proceedings dealing with technical trade barriers. Economics is especially valuable in the initial stage of framing the effects at issue, in the intermediate stages of documenting empirical causation and in the final stage of litigation, which was to calculate and defend the amount of retaliation. Nous expliquons l'interaction du droit et de l’économie dans le cadre de la contestation réussie par le Canada des mesures américaines d’étiquetage obligatoire indiquant le pays d'origine (EOPO) pour le bœuf et le porc, qui dépendait de l'origine du bétail utilisé dans la production de viande aux États‐Unis. Le Canada a mis en place une stratégie juridique et économique efficace pour convaincre les organes juridictionnels de l'OMC, que les États‐Unis avaient violés des dispositions spécifiques de l'OMC. Les données économiques du Canada montrent que, du fait des coûts de la séparation, la mesure EOPO a nui à la position concurrentielle des bovins et des porcs canadiens sur le marché américain. Des preuves économiques ont été intégrées à la stratégie et ont été citées par le groupe d'experts de l'OMC pour étayer ses conclusions juridiques selon lesquelles la mesure EOPO enfreignait les obligations des États‐Unis en vertu des accords de l'OMC. Le Canada a obtenu des droits de plus d'un milliard de dollars canadiens en compensations et les États‐Unis ont réagi en éliminant la mesure EOPO incriminée. L'affaire EOPO montre comment des preuves économiques et économétriques peuvent être utilisées dans des procédures complexes de règlement des différends portant sur des obstacles techniques au commerce. Les données économiques sont particulièrement utiles au stade initial de la définition des effets en cause, aux étapes intermédiaires de la documentation de la causalité empirique et au stade final du litige, qui consistait à calculer et à défendre le montant des mesures de rétorsion.

Suggested Citation

  • Daniel A. Sumner & Ton Zuijdwijk, 2019. "The law and economics of Canada's WTO litigation contesting U.S. country‐of‐origin labeling (COOL)," Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics/Revue canadienne d'agroeconomie, Canadian Agricultural Economics Society/Societe canadienne d'agroeconomie, vol. 67(4), pages 327-347, December.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:canjag:v:67:y:2019:i:4:p:327-347
    DOI: 10.1111/cjag.12214
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    Cited by:

    1. Lee, Hanbin & Sexton, Richard J. & Sumner, Daniel A., 2022. "Government Restrictions on Food Available to Consumers: Economics of Regulations that Limit Farming Practices for Products Sold within Jurisdictions, with Application to California’s 2022 Pork Rules," 2022 Annual Meeting, July 31-August 2, Anaheim, California 322438, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association.
    2. Ryan Cardwell & William A. Kerr, 2021. "President Biden's international trade agenda: Implications for the Canadian agrifood sector," Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics/Revue canadienne d'agroeconomie, Canadian Agricultural Economics Society/Societe canadienne d'agroeconomie, vol. 69(1), pages 19-25, March.
    3. Lee, Hanbin & Sexton, Richard J. & Sumner, Daniel A., 2021. "Economics of Mandates on Farm Practices: Lessons from California’s Proposition 12 Regulations on Pork Sold in California," 2021 Annual Meeting, August 1-3, Austin, Texas 313920, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association.
    4. Sylvanus Kwaku Afesorgbor & Eugene Beaulieu, 2021. "Role of international politics on agri‐food trade: Evidence from US–Canada bilateral relations," Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics/Revue canadienne d'agroeconomie, Canadian Agricultural Economics Society/Societe canadienne d'agroeconomie, vol. 69(1), pages 27-35, March.

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