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Worldwide GDP decline in 2020: the relative impact of health restrictions, the responsiveness of public and private economic agents, and sectoral specialisation
[Baisse du PIB 2020 dans le monde : l’incidence relative des restrictions sanitaires, de la réactivité des agents économiques publics et privés, et de la spécialisation sectorielle]

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  • Nicolas Châtelais

Abstract

The intensity of the pandemic (as measured by the number of people infected with the virus or dying from the disease) explains only a small share of the shock to GDP in the major economies in 2020. Half of the shock can be attributed to the scale of the response of both government authorities in terms of health restrictions and private economic agents. The other half can be explained by sectoral specialisation (mainly tourism, level of technological development), the pre crisis demographic, social and economic situation and the impact of the fiscal stimulus introduced in 2020. In countries where a “managed quarantine” strategy was adopted, with the aim of strictly containing the pandemic rather than “living with it”, the fall in GDP appears to have been less pronounced. L’intensité de l’épidémie (mesurée par le nombre de personnes atteintes par le virus ou décédées des suites de la maladie) n’explique qu’une faible part du choc sur le PIB des grandes économies en 2020. La moitié du choc résulte de l’ampleur des réactions à la fois des pouvoirs publics en matière de restrictions sanitaires et des agents économiques privés. L’autre moitié s’explique par la spécialisation sectorielle (part du tourisme essentiellement, niveau de développement technologique), la situation démographique, sociale et économique d’avant crise et par l’impact du stimulus fiscal mis en place en 2020. Dans les pays où le choix de la stratégie de « quarantaine contrôlée » a été fait, avec pour objectif de contenir strictement la pandémie, plutôt que de « vivre avec », la baisse du PIB semble avoir été moindre.

Suggested Citation

  • Nicolas Châtelais, 2021. "Worldwide GDP decline in 2020: the relative impact of health restrictions, the responsiveness of public and private economic agents, and sectoral specialisation [Baisse du PIB 2020 dans le monde : ," Bulletin de la Banque de France, Banque de France, issue 237.
  • Handle: RePEc:bfr:bullbf:2021:237:02
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