미·중 경쟁 하 중남미의 GVC 참여와 RVC 구축 연구(GVC and RVC of Latin America under the US-China Competition)

본 보고서는 중남미 주요국의 글로벌 가치사슬 구축 현황과 미·중 경쟁이 중남미에 미친 영향을 분석한 연구이다. 이를 위해 중남미 역내에서 일어나고 있는 미·중 경쟁의 양상을 조사하고, 수출부가가치 분해 방법론을 이용해 중남미의 가치사슬을 분석하였다. 분석결과 미·중 경쟁으로 중남미는 미국과의 전방 연계가 더욱 강화되었으며 광업, 농업, 전자전기 등 다양한 부문에서 연계의 정도가 높게 나타났다. 반면 중국과의 전방 연계는 광업만을 중심으로 형성된 것으로 분석되었다. 향후 우리나라가 중남미에서 일어날 니어쇼어링의 기회를 이용하기 위해서는 미국과의 전후방 연계가 높은 멕시코, 브라질과 같은 국가를 거점국으로 고려할 필요가 있다. Competition between the U.S. and China has intensified since the imposition of tariffs in 2018, and can be observed across various sectors. The competition between the U.S. and China, originating in the trade sector, is now expanding into areas such as technology, ideology, and supply chains. As globalization progresses and the global division of labor continues to evolve, the impact of U.S.-China competition becomes increasingly complex and widespread due to the naturally established global value chain involving various stakeholders. This study examines the current state of U.S.-China competition in Latin America and analyzes its effects on the global value chain of the region. Chapter 2 explores the different types of competition between the U.S. and China in Latin America. This is achieved by reviewing their investments in Latin America and public funds, as well as summarizing the recently announced U.S. initiatives in the region. The review shows that U.S. investment in Latin America and ODA aims to create forward links to the United States and China in the value chain of the region. Notably, while the U.S. has prioritized Official Development Assistance (ODA) through development cooperation agencies, China has focused on Other Official Flows (OOF) through state-run banks. However, the United States is likely to encourage private investment due to the limitations of securing ODA resources.In response to China’s initiatives in Latin America, including the Belt and Road Initiative and the China-CELAC Forum, the Biden administration announced a new cooperation initiative for the region. Besides the ongoing challenges of economic growth, poverty, anticorruption, and rule of law in Latin America, the Biden administration’s initiative aims to promote leadership in the areas of environment, labor, and digital economy. Furthermore, the initiative highlights the differences between China’s cooperation efforts and the valueoriented approach promoted by the United States. It serves to check China’s influence, emphasize partnerships with major allies, international organizations, businesses, foundations, and civil society, and promote a multilateral approach. (the rest omitted)