FTA 신통상규범에 관한 통상법적 쟁점과 경제적 영향: 환경과 노동을 중심으로 (New High Standard for Environmental and Labour Provisions in FTAs: Law and Economic Perspectives)

본 연구에서는 미국, 유럽연합, 우리나라의 FTA 환경·노동 규범을 살펴보고, FTA에서 환경·노동 이슈가 부상하게 된 배경과 그 영향을 경제학적으로 분석하였다. 한국의 ILO 핵심협약 미비준 관련 한·EU FTA 노동분쟁, 유럽연합에서 도입을 검토하고 있는 탄소국경조정메커니즘(CBAM) 등 우리나라에 중요한 의미가 있는 무역과 환경·노동 규범 연계 사례의 경우 사안별로 통상법적 시각에서 추가 분석하였다. 나아가 우리가 기수용한 FTA 환경·노동 의무의 '이행' 측면에 특히 주목하여 우리 정부가 향후 FTA 체결·개정·이행 과정에서 참고할 만한 정책적 시사점을 제시하였다. Trade-related issues such as market access, and tariff elimination or reduction have been the main concerns of free trade agreements or "FTAs" since the 2000s. But more of the recent FTAs appear to focus on non-trade concerns such as protection of the environment and workers. A typical example is the FTA between Korea and the European Union (hereinafter referred to as "Korea-EU FTA"), which was signed in 2009 and provisionally taken into force in 2011. Ever since Korea-EU FTA the European Union has included a chapter on "Trade and Sustainable Development" or "TSD" in its FTAs to extensively provide for environment and labour obligations. Further, it is noteworthy that the United States and the European Union have resorted to dispute settlement and enforcement mechanisms within their FTAs to ensure their trade partners effectively implement environment and labour obligations at the domestic level. For instance, on December 17, 2018, the European Commission formally requested a consultation to Korea under Korea-EU FTA on the grounds that the Korean government had not shown sufficient efforts in ratifying the remaining four of the eight ILO core conventions and thus acted inconsistently with the TSD Chapter of the same FTA. This is the first case that the European Union has ever initiated a dispute settlement procedure under a TSD Chapter. The Panel of Experts was composed on December 30, 2019, and it recently published the final report on January 25th, 2021. (the rest omitted)