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Bunching of Small Businesses at the Value-AddedTax Threshold in Japan: Lessons for the 2019 Tax Hike

Author

Listed:
  • Tsubasa Ichikawa

    (Enterprise and Economy, @Hitotsubashi @University)

  • Menaka @Arudchelvan

    (Enterprise and Economy, @Hitotsubashi @University)

  • Kazuki Onji

    (Graduate School of Economics, Osaka University)

Abstract

We examine the behavior of small firms near the exemption threshold under Japan's value-added tax (VAT). We employ Teikoku Data Bank's large-scale firm database and find visible bunching of firms just below the threshold of 10 million yen. To better understand the motive for bunching, we utilize the 2014 VAT hike as a quasi-experiment, since it increased the financial benefit of VAT exemption. Despite the increased financial incentive, the relative bunching mass remains unchanged, suggesting that the cost of complying with tax regulations motivates the bunching behavior. We also consider whether those bunching firms make real adjustments or conduct tax avoidance. We find indirect evidence favoring the tax-avoidance hypothesis. Our estimates suggest that the VAT threshold distorts the behavior of 57,000 firms, resulting in lost tax collection of 17 billion yen per annum. With Japan facing another round of VAT hike in October 2019, our research provides additional insights to inform the forthcoming policy change.

Suggested Citation

  • Tsubasa Ichikawa & Menaka @Arudchelvan & Kazuki Onji, 2019. "Bunching of Small Businesses at the Value-AddedTax Threshold in Japan: Lessons for the 2019 Tax Hike," Discussion Papers in Economics and Business 19-10, Osaka University, Graduate School of Economics.
    • Handle: RePEc:osk:wpaper:1910
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Value-added tax; Bunching estimator; Tax avoidance;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • H25 - Public Economics - - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue - - - Business Taxes and Subsidies
    • H26 - Public Economics - - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue - - - Tax Evasion and Avoidance
    • H32 - Public Economics - - Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic Agents - - - Firm

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