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Background Indicators

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Abstract

Indicators of latent variables are usually assumed to be driven by the latent variable and some random noise. Background indicators are in contrast also systematically driven by variables outside the structural model of interest. This paper assesses instrumental variable estimates of effects of latent variables when a background indicator is substituted for the latent variable. It turns out that such estimates become inconsistent in empirically important cases. In certain cases the estimates capture causal effects of the indicator rather than effects of the latent variable. A simulation experiment that considers the effect of economic uncertainty on aggregate consumption illustrates some of the results.

Suggested Citation

  • Burkhard Raunig, 2016. "Background Indicators," Working Papers 204, Oesterreichische Nationalbank (Austrian Central Bank).
    • Handle: RePEc:onb:oenbwp:204
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    Keywords

    Graphical methods; indicator; instrumental variable; financial development; stock market volatility;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • C18 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Econometric and Statistical Methods and Methodology: General - - - Methodolical Issues: General
    • C26 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Single Equation Models; Single Variables - - - Instrumental Variables (IV) Estimation
    • E21 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Consumption, Saving, Production, Employment, and Investment - - - Consumption; Saving; Wealth

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