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Employment Patterns in OECD Countries: Reassessing the Role of Policies and Institutions

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Andrea Bassanini
Romain Duval ()

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Abstract

This paper explores the impact of policies and institutions on employment and unemployment of OECD countries in the past decades. Reduced-form unemployment equations, consistent with standard wage setting/pricesetting models, are estimated using cross-country/time-series data from 21 OECD countries over the period 1982- 2003. In the “average” OECD country, high and long-lasting unemployment benefits, high tax wedges and stringent anti-competitive product market regulation are found to increase aggregate unemployment. By contrast, highly centralised and/or coordinated wage bargaining systems are estimated to reduce unemployment. These findings are robust across specifications, datasets and econometric methods. As policies and institutions affect employment not only via their impact on aggregate unemployment but also through their effects on labour market participation - particularly for those groups “at the margin” of the labour market, group-specific employment rate equations are also estimated. In the “average” OECD country, high unemployment benefits and high tax wedges are found to be associated with lower employment prospects for all groups studied, namely prime-age males, females, older workers and youths. There is also evidence that group-specific policy determinants matter, such as targeted fiscal incentives.
Cet article explore l’impact des politiques et des institutions sur l’emploi et le chômage dans les pays de l’OCDE au cours des dernières décennies. Des équations réduites de taux de chômage, telles que dérivées par exemple d’un modèle de négociations salariales, sont estimées sur un panel de 21 pays de l’OCDE sur la période 1982-2003. Il ressort que, dans le pays « moyen » de l'OCDE, le taux moyen de remplacement des indemnités chômage, le coin fiscalo-social et le degré de réglementation des marchés de produits augmentent le taux de chômage structurel. A contrario, il apparaît qu’un haut degré de centralisation/co-ordination des négociations salariales réduit le chômage structurel. Ces résultats sont robustes à des changements de spécification, d’échantillon et de méthode d’estimation économétrique. Étant donné que les politiques et les institutions affectent l’emploi non seulement via leur impact sur le chômage mais aussi au travers de leurs effets sur la participation au marché du travail –en particulier pour les groupes « à la marge » du marché du travail, des équations d’emploi par groupes sont également estimées. Il ressort que dans le pays « moyen » de l’OCDE, le taux de remplacement des indemnités chômage et le coin fiscalo-social réduisent les perspectives d’emplois de chacun des groupes étudiés, à savoir les hommes de 25 à 55 ans, les femmes, les travailleurs âgés et les jeunes. Certains déterminants spécifiques à chaque groupe jouent également un rôle, en particulier les incitations fiscales ciblées.

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Paper provided by OECD Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs in its series OECD Social Employment and Migration Working Papers with number 35.

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Date of creation: 09 Jun 2006
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Handle: RePEc:oec:elsaab:35-en

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Find related papers by JEL classification:
J38 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs - - - Public Policy
J58 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Labor-Management Relations, Trade Unions, and Collective Bargaining - - - Public Policy
J68 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Mobility, Unemployment, and Vacancies - - - Public Policy

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  1. Langot, François & Quintero Rojas, Coralia, 2008. "Explaining the Evolution of Hours Worked and Employment across OECD Countries: An Equilibrium Search Approach," IZA Discussion Papers 3364, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA). [Downloadable!]
  2. Bassanini, Andrea & Nunziata, Luca & Venn, Danielle, 2008. "Job Protection Legislation and Productivity Growth in OECD Countries," IZA Discussion Papers 3555, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA). [Downloadable!]
  3. Sebastian Weber, 2006. "Labor Market Structures, Trade and their Effect on Unemployment: A Theoretical Analysis and Empirical Investigation," HEI Working Papers 22-2006, Economics Section, The Graduate Institute of International Studies. [Downloadable!]
  4. Simon Deakin & Prabirjit Sarkar, 2008. "Assessing the Long-Run Economic Impact of Labour Law Systems: A theoretical Reappraisal and Analysis of New Time Series Data," ESRC Centre for Business Research - Working Papers wp367, ESRC Centre for Business Research. [Downloadable!]
  5. David Howell & Dean Baker & Andrew Glyn & John Schmitt, 2007. "Are Protective Labor Market Institutions at the Root of Unemployment? A Critical Review of the Evidence," Capitalism and Society, Berkeley Electronic Press, vol. 2(1), pages 1. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  6. Gustav Horn & Camille Logeay & Silke Tober, 2007. "Estimating Germany's Potential Output," IMK Working Paper 02-2007, IMK at the Hans Boeckler Foundation, Macroeconomic Policy Institute. [Downloadable!]
  7. R. Rovelli & R. Bruno, 2007. "Labor Market Policies and Outcomes: Cross Country Evidence for the EU-27. ," Working Papers 614, Dipartimento Scienze Economiche, Università di Bologna. [Downloadable!]
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  8. Andrea Bassanini & Romain Duval, 2006. "The Determinants of Unemployment across OECD Countries," Post-Print halshs-00120584_v1, HAL. [Downloadable!]
  9. Wolfgang Lechthaler & Dennis J. Snower, 2007. "Institutions and Training Inequality," Kiel Working Papers 1372, Kiel Institute for the World Economy. [Downloadable!]
  10. Ian Dew-Becker & Robert J. Gordon, 2008. "The Role of Labor Market Changes in the Slowdown of European Productivity Growth," NBER Working Papers 13840, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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  11. Irina Tytell & Florence Jaumotte, 2008. "How has the Globalization of Labor Affected the Labor Income Share in Advanced Countries?," IMF Working Papers 07/298, International Monetary Fund. [Downloadable!]
  12. Rovelli, Riccardo & Bruno, Randolph Luca, 2008. "Labor Market Policies, Institutions and Employment Rates in the EU-27," IZA Discussion Papers 3502, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA). [Downloadable!]
  13. Giuseppe Fiori & Giuseppe Nicoletti & Stefano Scarpetta & Fabio Schiantarelli, 2007. "Employment Outcomes and the Interaction Between Product and Labor Market Deregulation: Are They Substitutes or Complements?," IZA Discussion Papers 2770, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA). [Downloadable!]
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  14. Gabriel Felbermayr & Julien Prat, 2007. "Product Market Regulation, Firm Selection and Unemployment," IZA Discussion Papers 2754, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA). [Downloadable!]
  15. Vera Brusentsev & Wayne Vroman, . "Unemployment Compensation Recipiency in English-speaking Countries," Working Papers 07-15, University of Delaware, Department of Economics. [Downloadable!]
  16. Ebell, Monique & Haefke, Christian, 2008. "Product Market Deregulation and the U.S. Employment Miracle," Economics Series 223, Institute for Advanced Studies. [Downloadable!]
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  17. Aurélien GAIMON & Vincent LAPEGUE & Paola MONPERRUS-VERONI & Noé N’SEMI & Frédéric REYNÈS & Maël THEULIERE, 2007. "Does the interaction between shocks and institutions solve the OECD unemployment puzzle? a Theoretical and Empirical Appraisal," Documents de Travail de l'OFCE 2007-34, Observatoire Francais des Conjonctures Economiques (OFCE). [Downloadable!]
  18. Werner Eichhorst, 2007. "The Gradual Transformation of Continental European Labor Markets: France and Germany Compared," IZA Discussion Papers 2675, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA). [Downloadable!]
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