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Trends in Income Inequality and its Impact on Economic Growth

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  • Federico Cingano

    (OECD)

Abstract

In most OECD countries, the gap between rich and poor is at its highest level since 30 years. Today, the richest 10 per cent of the population in the OECD area earn 9.5 times the income of the poorest 10 per cent; in the 1980s this ratio stood at 7:1 and has been rising continuously ever since. However, the rise in overall income inequality is not (only) about surging top income shares: often, incomes at the bottom grew much slower during the prosperous years and fell during downturns, putting relative (and in some countries, absolute) income poverty on the radar of policy concerns. This paper explores whether such developments may have an impact on economic performance. Drawing on harmonised data covering the OECD countries over the past 30 years, the econometric analysis suggests that income inequality has a negative and statistically significant impact on subsequent growth. In particular, what matters most is the gap between low income households and the rest of the population. In contrast, no evidence is found that those with high incomes pulling away from the rest of the population harms growth. The paper also evaluates the “human capital accumulation theory” finding evidence for human capital as a channel through which inequality may affect growth. Analysis based on micro data from the Adult Skills Survey (PIAAC) shows that increased income disparities depress skills development among individuals with poorer parental education background, both in terms of the quantity of education attained (e.g. years of schooling), and in terms of its quality (i.e. skill proficiency). Educational outcomes of individuals from richer backgrounds, however, are not affected by inequality. It follows that policies to reduce income inequalities should not only be pursued to improve social outcomes but also to sustain long-term growth. Redistribution policies via taxes and transfers are a key tool to ensure the benefits of growth are more broadly distributed and the results suggest they need not be expected to undermine growth. But it is also important to promote equality of opportunity in access to and quality of education. This implies a focus on families with children and youths – as this is when decisions about human capital accumulation are made -- promoting employment for disadvantaged groups through active labour market policies, childcare supports and in-work benefits. Dans la plupart des pays de l'OCDE, le fossé entre riches et pauvres est à son plus haut niveau depuis 30 ans. Aujourd'hui, dans la zone de l'OCDE, les 10% de la population les plus riches gagnent 9,5 fois le revenu des 10 % les plus pauvres; dans les années 1980, ce ratio s'élevait à 7: 1 et il a augmenté de façon continue depuis. Toutefois, la hausse de l'inégalité de revenu n'est pas (seulement) relative à la flambée de la part des plus hauts revenus : souvent, les revenus les plus bas ont augmenté beaucoup plus lentement pendant les années prospères, et sont tombés en période de ralentissement économique, mettant la pauvreté monétaire relative (et, dans certains pays, absolue) sur le radar des préoccupations politiques. Ce document cherche à savoir si ces évolutions peuvent avoir un impact sur la performance économique. S'appuyant sur des données harmonisées couvrant les pays de l'OCDE au cours des 30 dernières années, l'analyse économétrique suggère que les inégalités de revenus ont un impact négatif et statistiquement significatif sur la croissance ultérieure. En particulier, ce qui importe le plus est l'écart entre les ménages à faible revenu et le reste de la population. En revanche, aucune preuve n'est trouvée sur le fait que les personnes ayant des revenus élevés s'élevant loin du reste de la population nuit à la croissance. Le document évalue également la «théorie de l'accumulation du capital humain" montrant le capital humain comme un canal par lequel les inégalités peuvent affecter la croissance. L'analyse fondée sur les micro données de l'Enquête sur les compétences des adultes (PIAAC) montre que l'augmentation des disparités de revenus inhibent le développement des compétences chez les personnes dont les parents ont un faible niveau d'instruction, aussi bien sur le plan quantitatif du niveau de scolarité atteint (par exemple, en années de scolarité), qu'en termes de qualité (niveau de compétences). Les résultats scolaires des personnes issues de milieux les plus riches, toutefois, ne sont pas affectés par les inégalités. Il s'ensuit que les politiques visant à réduire les inégalités de revenus ne doivent pas seulement être poursuivies pour améliorer les résultats sociaux, mais aussi pour soutenir la croissance à long terme. Les politiques de redistribution via les impôts et les transferts sont un outil essentiel pour s'assurer que les bénéfices de la croissance sont plus largement distribués et les résultats suggèrent qu'on ne doit pas forcément s'attendre à ce que la redistribution nuise à la croissance. Mais il est également important de promouvoir l'égalité des chances dans l'accès et la qualité de l'éducation. Ceci implique de mettre l'accent sur les familles avec enfants et les jeunes - car c'est lorsque les décisions sur l'accumulation de capital humain sont prises - par la promotion de l'emploi pour les groupes défavorisés, grâce à des politiques actives du marché du travail, des supports de gardes d'enfants et des prestations d'activité.

Suggested Citation

  • Federico Cingano, 2014. "Trends in Income Inequality and its Impact on Economic Growth," OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers 163, OECD Publishing.
  • Handle: RePEc:oec:elsaab:163-en
    DOI: 10.1787/5jxrjncwxv6j-en
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    More about this item

    JEL classification:

    • H23 - Public Economics - - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue - - - Externalities; Redistributive Effects; Environmental Taxes and Subsidies
    • J62 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Mobility, Unemployment, Vacancies, and Immigrant Workers - - - Job, Occupational and Intergenerational Mobility; Promotion
    • O15 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Development - - - Economic Development: Human Resources; Human Development; Income Distribution; Migration
    • O47 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity - - - Empirical Studies of Economic Growth; Aggregate Productivity; Cross-Country Output Convergence

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