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Policies to Tame the Housing Cycle in Switzerland

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  • Petar Vujanovic

    (OECD)

Abstract

Since 2000, real estate prices in Switzerland have risen rapidly. By some measures, between 2000 and 2014 apartment prices almost doubled, while those of single-family homes increased by around 60%. Price rises have varied considerably across cantons. Transactions activity in the sector has been robust, with growth in mortgage volumes strongly outpacing disposable income. As a consequence, Switzerland’s residential mortgage debt-to-GDP ratio, at 120%, is the highest in the OECD. This is despite a private ownership rate of only around 40%, one of the lowest in the OECD. Banks’ exposure to the mortgage market is the sixth highest in the OECD, with mortgages making up over 80% of domestic (non-interbank) bank loans. That said, high house prices are being supported by very low interest rates, immigration-fuelled population growth and smaller family units, while demand is being bolstered by mortgage interest tax deductibility and institutional investors. Restrictive planning regulations have also damped the supply response. These factors have contributed to low rental yields, although high compared to other assets and very low vacancy rates. A number of measures have been taken by banks and authorities over the past three years to shore up banks’ exposure and to take the heat out of the market. These include a minimum down payment of 10% of the collateral value of the property from the borrower’s own funds, which may not be obtained by pledging or early withdrawal of second-pillar pension assets, and compulsory amortisation of loans. A counter-cyclical buffer (CCB) was activated at the beginning of 2013 and obliges banks to hold additional common equity Tier 1 capital based on their risk-weighted mortgage positions secured by residential real estate in Switzerland. In January 2014, the CCB was increased from 1% to 2%. Despite these measures, house prices remain high and the risk to the banking sector elevated. This Working Paper relates to the 2015 OECD Economic Review of Switzerland (http://www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-switzerland.htm) Politiques Visant à Maîtriser le Cycle du Marché du Logement en Suisse Depuis 2000, les prix de l’immobilier en Suisse ont connu une croissance rapide. Selon certains indices, les prix des appartements ont presque doublé entre 2000 et 2014, ceux des maisons individuelles augmentant d’environ 60 %. Les hausses de prix ont varié sensiblement d’un canton à un autre. Le nombre de transactions dans le secteur s’est maintenu à un niveau élevé, la croissance du volume de prêts hypothécaires excédant largement celle du revenu disponible. Résultat, à 120 %, le ratio dette hypothécaire résidentielle-PIB de la Suisse est le plus élevé de la zone OCDE, et ce, malgré un taux d’accessibilité à la propriété d’environ seulement 40 %, un des plus faibles de la zone. L’exposition du secteur bancaire au marché des prêts hypothécaires est la sixième plus élevée de la zone OCDE, les prêts hypothécaires représentant plus de 80 % de l’ensemble des concours bancaires au plan national, hors marché interbancaire. Cela dit, les prix élevés des logements sont soutenus par des taux d’intérêt très bas, une croissance démographique portée par l’immigration et une baisse de la taille des ménages, alors que la demande est tirée par la déductibilité fiscale des intérêts hypothécaires et par les investisseurs institutionnels. La réglementation restrictive des plans d’aménagement locaux a également modéré les réactions du côté de l’offre. Ces facteurs expliquent la faiblesse des rendements locatifs, qui restent toutefois élevés par rapport à ceux d’autres actifs, ainsi que le niveau très modeste des taux d’inoccupation. Ces trois dernières années, les banques et les autorités ont adopté différentes mesures en vue de consolider les engagements des banques et de soulager les tensions sur le marché. Parmi ces mesures, on peut citer l’instauration, pour les emprunteurs, d’un apport personnel de 10 % minimum de la valeur des biens, qu’il n’est pas possible de se procurer en procédant à un nantissement ou en retirant de manière anticipée des actifs du deuxième pilier du régime de retraite, et l’amortissement obligatoire des prêts. Un matelas de fonds propres contracyclique mis en place au début de 2013 oblige les banques à détenir des fonds propres de base supplémentaires déterminés en fonction de leurs positions hypothécaires pondérées des risques et garanties par des biens résidentiels en Suisse. En janvier 2014, le matelas de fonds propres contracyclique a été porté de 1 % à 2 %. Malgré ces mesures, les prix des logements demeurent élevés, tout comme le risque pesant ainsi sur le secteur bancaire Ce Document de travail se rapporte à l’Étude économique de l’OCDE de la Suisse 2015 (http://www.oecd.org/fr/eco/etudes/etude-economique-suisse.htm).

Suggested Citation

  • Petar Vujanovic, 2016. "Policies to Tame the Housing Cycle in Switzerland," OECD Economics Department Working Papers 1279, OECD Publishing.
  • Handle: RePEc:oec:ecoaaa:1279-en
    DOI: 10.1787/5jm3scgb48d4-en
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    Cited by:

    1. Stefanie Behncke, 2023. "Effects of Macroprudential Policies on Bank Lending and Credit Risks," Journal of Financial Services Research, Springer;Western Finance Association, vol. 63(2), pages 175-199, April.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    bubbles; bulle; financial regulation; house prices; housing; immobilier; logement; macro-prudential; mortgages; planning regulation; prix des logements; real estate; Suisse; Switzerland;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • G18 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - Government Policy and Regulation
    • R21 - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics - - Household Analysis - - - Housing Demand
    • R30 - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics - - Real Estate Markets, Spatial Production Analysis, and Firm Location - - - General
    • R38 - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics - - Real Estate Markets, Spatial Production Analysis, and Firm Location - - - Government Policy

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