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Spillover Effects from Exiting Highly Expansionary Monetary Policies

Author

Listed:
  • Łukasz Rawdanowicz

    (OECD)

  • Romain Bouis

    (OECD)

  • Jérôme Brezillon

    (OECD)

  • Ane Kathrine Christensen

    (OECD)

  • Kei-Ichiro Inaba

    (OECD)

Abstract

The prospective normalisation of monetary policies in the main OECD areas will be challenging given that current policy rates are likely to be significantly below neutral levels and that central bank balance sheets will be above the pre-crisis levels by a wide margin. Monetary policy normalisation is likely to start in the United States before other main OECD areas, with potential global spillovers, as was already experienced in mid-2013 when the mere discussion of tapering unsettled global financial markets. A gradual increase in interest rates, in the context of strong growth and rising equity values, would contribute to a balanced US recovery and have a benign impact on the rest of the world. However, a rapid rise in bond yields would risk generating instability in the US shadow banking sector, and the financial system more generally, even if banks seem increasingly resilient to such a shock. Although model simulations suggest that a large and protracted government bond yield shock would not have large trade spillovers in the absence of crisis events in the United States or abroad, an induced increase in bond yields in other countries, together with an induced large decline in equity prices, would have a sizeable effect on the OECD and largest emerging market economies. The latter countries are particularly vulnerable to such spillovers given their generally less liquid financial markets and, in some cases, weak fundamentals related to the banking system and external financing. In the United States, the authorities should aim at managing smoothly the exit and at strengthening the resilience of shadow banking institutions so that the risk of liquidity-induced fire sales is reduced. This should be accompanied in other countries by measures to increase the resilience to interest rate shocks, and when the shock occurs, allowing exchange rates to adjust flexibly and implementing offsetting fiscal measures if scope is available. Les retombées de la sortie des politiques monétaires hautement expansionnistes La normalisation à venir des politiques monétaires dans les principales régions de l’OCDE sera difficile étant donné que les taux actuels de politique monétaire sont probablement significativement en deçà des niveaux neutres et que les bilans des banques centrales demeureront largement supérieurs aux niveaux d’avant la crise. La normalisation de la politique monétaire va probablement commencer aux États-Unis avant les autres régions de l’OCDE, avec de possibles retombées mondiales, comme il a déjà été observé à la mi-2013 lorsque la simple évocation de la réduction progressive des politiques accommodantes a déstabilisé les marchés financiers mondiaux. Une hausse graduelle des taux d’intérêt, dans un contexte de croissance soutenue et de valorisations boursières à la hausse, contribuerait à une reprise équilibrée aux États-Unis et aurait un effet bénin sur le reste du monde. Toutefois, une remontée rapide des rendements obligataires pourrait générer une instabilité dans le secteur bancaire parallèle aux États-Unis, et plus généralement dans le système financier, même si les banques semblent davantage résilientes à un tel choc. Bien que les simulations de modèles suggèrent qu’un choc de rendement obligataire important et prolongé n’aurait pas de retombées significatives en termes de commerce international en l’absence de crises aux États-Unis ou ailleurs, une augmentation induite des rendements obligataire dans d’autres pays, ainsi qu’une importante baisse induite des prix des actions, auraient un effet important sur les économies de l’OCDE et des plus grands pays émergents. Ces derniers pays sont particulièrement vulnérables à de telles retombées étant donné, en général, la faible liquidité de leurs marchés financiers et, dans certains cas, les faibles fondamentaux associés au système bancaire et au financement externe. Aux États-Unis, les autorités devraient s’appliquer à gérer la sortie en douceur et à renforcer la résilience des institutions du système bancaire parallèle de sorte que le risque de ventes précipitées liées à la liquidité soit réduit. Ceci devrait s’accompagner dans les autres pays par des mesures pour accroître la résilience aux chocs de taux d’intérêt, et lorsque le choc se produit, en permettant aux taux de change de d’ajuster de façon flexible et en mettant en oeuvre des mesures budgétaires de compensation si une marge de manoeuvre est disponible.

Suggested Citation

  • Łukasz Rawdanowicz & Romain Bouis & Jérôme Brezillon & Ane Kathrine Christensen & Kei-Ichiro Inaba, 2014. "Spillover Effects from Exiting Highly Expansionary Monetary Policies," OECD Economics Department Working Papers 1116, OECD Publishing.
  • Handle: RePEc:oec:ecoaaa:1116-en
    DOI: 10.1787/5jz417mb6dzp-en
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Patrice Ollivaud & Elena Rusticelli & Cyrille Schwellnus, 2015. "The Changing Role of the Exchange Rate for Macroeconomic Adjustment," OECD Economics Department Working Papers 1190, OECD Publishing.
    2. Financial Stability Committee, Task Force on cross-border Spillover Effects of macroprudential measures & Kok, Christoffer & Reinhardt, Dennis, 2020. "Cross-border spillover effects of macroprudential policies: a conceptual framework," Occasional Paper Series 242, European Central Bank.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    crise financière; financial crisis; financial markets; marchés financiers; monetary policy; politique monétaire; retombées; spillovers;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • E44 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Money and Interest Rates - - - Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy
    • E5 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit
    • F4 - International Economics - - Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance
    • G01 - Financial Economics - - General - - - Financial Crises
    • G15 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - International Financial Markets

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