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Fragmentação Internacional da Produção e Cadeias Globais de Valor

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  • Flavio L. Carneiro

Abstract

A fragmentação da produção – dispersão das variadas etapas envolvidas na produção de determinado bem em diferentes países, a cargo de diversas empresas – vem fazendo com que a fabricação de diversos bens seja realizada em cadeias globais de valor (CGVs), com diferentes padrões de estruturação geográfica e governança, que têm em comum o fato de que insumos, partes, peças e serviços – ou seja, cada etapa ou tarefa envolvida na produção de um bem final – serão realizados onde quer que estejam disponíveis os materiais e as habilidades necessários para sua realização, a preço e qualidade competitivos. Este fenômeno já começa a refletir-se em diversas agendas de pesquisa e vem alterando a maneira como as estatísticas de comércio exterior são compiladas e utilizadas, com iniciativas no sentido de produzir dados de comércio por valor agregado (VA), uma vez que a utilização de dados brutos de exportações e importações superestima o valor total do comércio e as exportações dos países produtores de bens finais. Por sua vez, este processo tem alterado de maneira radical o equilíbrio da economia política da política comercial nos países que deste participam, ao tornar as políticas comerciais de cada país cada vez mais interdependentes, reduzindo o incentivo à adoção de políticas protecionistas e ampliando a demanda por aprofundamento da integração comercial. A fragmentação internacional da produção tem se revelado ainda oportunidade de desenvolvimento, embora existam riscos envolvidos, o que ressalta a importância das políticas públicas para que estratégia de associação às CGVs se traduza em reais benefícios para um país. Production fragmentation – dispersion of the individual steps involved in the production of a particular good across different countries and several companies – means that the fabrication of an increasingly large number of goods is taking place in global value chains, with different patterns of geographic structure and governance, which have in common the fact that inputs, parts, services – that is, each step or task involved in the production of a final good – will take place wherever the materials and skills necessary for their completion are available, at competitive prices and quality. This phenomenon is opening new research agendas, and is changing the way the foreign trade statistics are compiled and used, with initiatives to produce trade data in value-added terms, since the use of gross trade data overestimates both the value of global trade and the exports from countries that produce final goods. On the other hand, this process has changed radically the political economy equilibrium of trade policy in the countries that participate in it, making trade policies of individual countries increasingly interdependent, reducing the incentive to adopt protectionist policies, and increasing the demand for a deepening of trade integration. International production fragmentation has also shown to be an opportunity for development, although there are risks involved, which highlight the importance of public policies in order to assure that a strategy which involves joining global value chains will translate into real benefits for a country.

Suggested Citation

  • Flavio L. Carneiro, 2015. "Fragmentação Internacional da Produção e Cadeias Globais de Valor," Discussion Papers 2097, Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada - IPEA.
  • Handle: RePEc:ipe:ipetds:2097
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    Cited by:

    1. Adilson Giovanini & Wallace Marcelino Pereira & Kleverton Clóvis de Oliveira Saath, 2020. "Intermediate services’ impact on capital goods production [Contribuição dos serviços intermediários na produção de bens de capital]," Nova Economia, Economics Department, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (Brazil), vol. 30(1), pages 203-230, January-A.
    2. Daniel Schteingart & Juan Santarcángelo & Fernando Porta, 2017. "Global value chains: Transformations and economic development possibilities for the periphery since the mid-1990s," Apuntes. Revista de ciencias sociales, Fondo Editorial, Universidad del Pacífico, vol. 44(81), pages 83-122.

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