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Uma Proposta de Sistematização do Debate Sobre Falta de Engenheiros no Brasil

Author

Listed:
  • Mario Sergio Salermo
  • Leonardo Melo Lins
  • Bruno César Araújo
  • Leonardo Augusto Vasconcelos Gomes
  • Demétrio Toledo
  • Paulo A. Meyer M. Nascimento

Abstract

A questão sobre escassez de trabalho qualificado no Brasil tem permeado discussões no governo, nos meios empresariais e na imprensa nos anos recentes. Isto seria particularmente preocupante quando envolve carreiras técnico-científicas, dada a relação positiva que se observa entre recursos humanos em ciência e tecnologia – Human Resources in Science and Technology – (RHST) e a renda per capita de um país. Contradizendo o senso comum, porém, a evidência empírica não parece indicar cenários de escassez, ao menos não de maneira generalizada. Os diferenciais dos salários dos engenheiros em relação às demais ocupações passaram a diminuir a partir de 2009, e os fluxos de recém-formados têm sido mais elevados do que o crescimento da demanda marginal observada no mercado de trabalho. O que estaria, então, motivando recorrentes manifestações públicas de receio de que o crescimento econômico do Brasil seja limitado por uma insuficiente disponibilidade de trabalho qualificado, particularmente de engenheiros? Este texto propõe uma sistematização do debate e destaca, com dados dos censos populacionais de 1970 a 2010, que o problema pode advir, em boa parte, do hiato geracional que coincide com a desvalorização das engenharias nas décadas de 1980 e de 1990. Este fenômeno restringe, atualmente, a oferta de engenheiros em meio de carreira, possivelmente impondo às firmas maior dificuldade em preencher postos de gerência e de liderança que demandem as competências normalmente associadas a esses profissionais. Ao lado de três outros potenciais, problemas paralelos (relacionados à baixa qualidade da formação, a deficit em competências específicas e à pouca mobilidade para regiões afastadas dos grandes centros), o hiato geracional que acarreta uma reduzida oferta relativa de engenheiros entre 35 e 59 anos parece alimentar muito da percepção de escassez desses profissionais no Brasil de hoje. Is Brazil facing or likely to face a shortage of specialized workers? This question has been in the national agenda of government, industry and the press in recent years. The problem shall be larger if affecting science & technology careers, as these are usually positively correlated to income per capita. Contrary to the common sense, however,there is hardly any supporting empirical evidence for economy-wide shortage scenarios,at least not concerning engineering professionals. If that was the case, wages should continuously increase more for engineers than to other qualified professionals, but this trend reversed in 2009. Moreover, the education sector has been producing a number of new graduates greater than the marginal demand observed in the labor market. Where does the problem lie, after all? This article aims to organize this debate and summarize key questions and data in an attempt to shed light on what may actually lie beneath the generalized perception that Brazil lacks engineers. A major finding comes from the national population census. The evolution of the age pyramid for engineering-degree holders suggests that this career was much less attractive in the 1980s and 1990s. As a result, Brazil seems to nowadays face a relatively reduced availability of mid-career engineering-professionals. This may be imposing significant barriers for the firms to adequately fulfill vacancies demanding experienced engineers for leadership positions. In addition to other constraints related to quality and mobility matters, the relatively reduced supply of 35-59 years-old engineers is likely to be behind many of the recent complains of workforce shortage in Brazil.

Suggested Citation

  • Mario Sergio Salermo & Leonardo Melo Lins & Bruno César Araújo & Leonardo Augusto Vasconcelos Gomes & Demétrio Toledo & Paulo A. Meyer M. Nascimento, 2014. "Uma Proposta de Sistematização do Debate Sobre Falta de Engenheiros no Brasil," Discussion Papers 1983, Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada - IPEA.
  • Handle: RePEc:ipe:ipetds:1983
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