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Federalismo Fiscal e Petróleo No Brasil e no Mundo

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  • Sérgio Wulff Gobetti

Abstract

Este texto busca contribuir com o debate atual sobre as regras de distribuição dos royalties no Brasil a partir de reflexões teóricas e empíricas sobre o federalismo fiscal e de uma análise comparativa das experiências dos diversos países produtores de petróleo que, a exemplo do nosso, se organizam como federações. A análise se baseia nos estudos reunidos em um projeto internacional denominado Petróleo e Gás em Sistemas Federativos e mostra que o modo como as federações lidam com a propriedade do petróleo e a alocação da renda derivada de sua exploração variam enormemente, pois dependem menos de argumentos filosóficos e técnicos e mais da história e da cultura política de cada uma delas. Dessa forma, o modelo brasileiro de repartição das receitas do petróleo extraído do mar, concebido em 1985 e consolidado em 1997, deve ser interpretado no contexto do processo de descentralização fiscal e de barganhas políticas que marcaram a transição da ditadura para a democracia, quando a produção de petróleo era inexpressiva. Esse padrão parece ser insustentável se considerarmos as perspectivas e os desafios colocados pelas descobertas do pré-sal, que exigem um maior grau de centralização das receitas petrolíferas, a exemplo de outros países nos quais o petróleo tem peso econômico relevante. This paper tries to contribute to the current discussion on sharing rules of royalties in Brazil from theoretical and empirical reflections about fiscal federalism and from a comparative analysis of the experiences of oil producing countries that, as our example, organize themselves like federations. The analysis is based on studies joined in a international project named Oil and Gas in Federal Systems and shows that the petroleum ownership and revenue arrangement vary across countries because it depends of history and political culture rather than philosophical and technical arguments of each one. Indeed, the Brazilian model of sharing oil revenues from offshore, that was conceived in 1985 and consolidated in 1997, must be interpreted in the context of the process of fiscal decentralization and political bargains that marked the transition from military dictatorship to democracy, when the oil production was inexpressive. This pattern seems unsustainable if we consider the perspectives and challenges of pre-salt discoveries, that claim for a larger degree of centralization of oil revenues, as the example of other countries where the petroleum has economic relevance.

Suggested Citation

  • Sérgio Wulff Gobetti, 2011. "Federalismo Fiscal e Petróleo No Brasil e no Mundo," Discussion Papers 1669, Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada - IPEA.
  • Handle: RePEc:ipe:ipetds:1669
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