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Les politiques de l'emploi en Europe : quelles réactions face à la crise ?

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  • Christine Erhel

    (CEE - Centre d'études de l'emploi - M.E.N.E.S.R. - Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche - Ministère du Travail, de l'Emploi et de la Santé, CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)

Abstract

Les politiques de l'emploi ont dû faire face à la crise après plusieurs années de réformes, marquées notamment par le développement des mesures d'activation, d'incitation au travail, et de recherche de compromis entre flexibilisation du marché du travail et sécurisation des trajectoires (" flexicurité "). Ces tendances avaient été observées dans la plupart des pays de l'Union européenne, et en partie stimulées par la Stratégie européenne pour l'emploi depuis 1997, même si les différences entre modèles nationaux restent importantes. Or, le retournement de la conjoncture en 2007 s'est traduit par une dégradation très rapide de la situation du marché du travail dans certains pays, avec une forte hausse du chômage, concentrée notamment sur les hommes jeunes et peu qualifiés. Face à cette situation, les réponses des politiques de l'emploi apparaissent ambiguës. Elles s'inscrivent globalement dans la continuité des réformes antérieures, et en particulier dans le cadre de l'" activation " des politiques de l'emploi, qui se poursuit au travers des réformes institutionnelles des intermédiaires sur le marché du travail, ou encore de la réflexion sur les incitations au travail. Mais les pays ont également recours, d'une part, à des outils de protection de l'emploi par l'accroissement de la flexibilité interne (notamment le chômage partiel), d'autre part, à des politiques de soutien au revenu sans contrepartie affichée à court terme. Ces ajustements ont sans doute permis de limiter la dégradation de la situation du marché du travail, en particulier dans les pays continentaux, et conduisent également à réintroduire des débats qui semblaient oubliés (sur le partage du travail, le salaire minimum), notamment dans les nouveaux pays membres de l'Union européenne. Toutefois, le retournement récent (premier semestre 2010) des politiques économiques en faveur de plans de rigueur risque de remettre en cause ces développements, voire de mettre en danger les modèles vertueux de la dernière décennie, comme par exemple celui du Danemark.

Suggested Citation

  • Christine Erhel, 2010. "Les politiques de l'emploi en Europe : quelles réactions face à la crise ?," Université Paris1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (Post-Print and Working Papers) hal-00616777, HAL.
    • Handle: RePEc:hal:cesptp:hal-00616777
    Note: View the original document on HAL open archive server: https://hal.science/hal-00616777
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Dolls, Mathias & Fuest, Clemens & Peichl, Andreas, 2012. "Automatic stabilizers and economic crisis: US vs. Europe," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 96(3), pages 279-294.
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