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La sostenibilidad de la deuda pública y la postura fiscal en el ciclo económico: el Istmo Centroamericano

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  • Armendáriz, Edna

Abstract

En este documento se examina la sostenibilidad de la deuda pública externa en el Istmo Centroamericano, utilizando varias metodologías, y se identifica el carácter pro o anticíclico de la postura fiscal. Problemas en disponibilidad o compatibilidad de datos obligaron a enfocar el análisis en 1990-2004. Los indicadores de endeudamiento externo muestran que El Salvador y Panamá tuvieron una situación de endeudamiento en 2004 más comprometida que la de sus cinco años previos. Los indicadores de Costa Rica y Guatemala en 2004 avanzaron respecto de su promedio histórico. Honduras y Nicaragua mejoraron notablemente su posición de endeudamiento público externo en 2004. Al aplicar la metodología desarrollada por Mendoza y Oviedo (2004) al período 1990-2004, se concluye que los países centroamericanos, en particular Guatemala y Costa Rica, no presentarían problema de sostenibilidad de la deuda pública externa, pese a la fragilidad aguda de algunos ante eventuales choques en sus ingresos fiscales. Mediante la estimación del balance primario estructural y del componente cíclico ?aplicando metodología convencional con variaciones? se identificó la postura fiscal en el Istmo Centroamericano. Los resultados indican que, excepto en Panamá, dicha postura fiscal tuvo un sesgo procíclico en buena parte del período analizado; es decir, la política fiscal ha tendido a acentuar los ciclos económicos en lugar de suavizarlos. En el estudio se constata que se requiere aumentar la carga tributaria para controlar la dinámica de la deuda pública externa. Además, el desequilibrio fiscal es básicamente de naturaleza estructural, por lo que un ajuste en las finanzas públicas tendría que realizarse por el lado de los ingresos, aunque el gasto público puede asignarse de manera más eficiente. Si bien el diseño de reglas fiscales podría considerarse como una opción atractiva para obtener estabilidad fiscal y flexibilidad para actuar de manera contracíclica, para ello los países del Istmo Centroamericano tendrían que cumplir algunos requisitos y condiciones esenciales para moverse en esta dirección en el corto plazo. The sustainability of public debt and fiscal posture in the economic cycle: the Central American Isthmus Abstract: This document examines the sustainability of public external debt in the Central American Isthmus by means of various methodologies, and identifies the pro and anti cyclical character of the fiscal stance. Due to problems of availability and comparability of data, the analysis was focused on the period 1990-2004. The indicators of external indebtedness demonstrates that Panama and El Salvador found themselves in a more complicated debt situation in 2004, than in the five previous years. In 2004, the indicators of Costa Rica and Guatemala improved in comparison to their historical average. Honduras and Nicaragua improved substantially on their position of public external indebtedness in 2004. By applying the methodology designed by Mendoza and Oviedo (2004) to the period of 1990-2004, the report concluded that the countries of Central America, in particular Guatemala and Costa Rica, did not present problems of sustainability of the public external debt, despite the acute vulnerability towards the effects of possible crises on their fiscal income. By means of an estimation of the preliminary structural balance and of the cyclical component, applying a conventional methodology with variations, the report identifies the fiscal stance of the Central American Isthmus. The results indicate that, except for Panama, said fiscal stance experienced a pro cyclical turn for the greater part of the analyzed period; which is to say the fiscal policy has had a tendency of accentuating economic cycles, rather than softening them. The study confirms the need to raise the tax burden, in order to control and the dynamics of the external public debt. Additionally, the fiscal imbalance is basically of a structural nature, which implies that an adjustment of public finances needs to be realized on the revenue side, although the public expenditure needs to be allocated in a more efficient manner.While the design of fiscal policy may be considered as an attractive option for obtaining fiscal stability and flexibility for acting contra cyclical, it requires the Central American countries to fulfil certain pre-requisites and essential conditions in order to enable short-term advances in this direction.

Suggested Citation

  • Armendáriz, Edna, 2006. "La sostenibilidad de la deuda pública y la postura fiscal en el ciclo económico: el Istmo Centroamericano," Estudios y Perspectivas – Sede Subregional de la CEPAL en México 4986, Naciones Unidas Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL).
  • Handle: RePEc:ecr:col031:4986
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