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Municípios in the time of Covid-19 in Brazil: socioeconomic vulnerabilities, transmission mechanisms and public policies

Author

Listed:
  • François Roubaud

    (DIAL-LEDa, IRD, Université Paris-Dauphine, PSL Université)

  • Mireille Razafindrakoto

    (DIAL-LEDa, IRD, Université Paris-Dauphine, PSL Université)

  • João Saboia

    (Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro)

  • Marta Castilho

    (Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro)

  • Valeria Pero

    (Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro)

Abstract

Early October 2020, Brazil was one of the countries most affected by COVID-19, both in number of proven cases (3rd) and in number of deaths (2nd), while the first wave of the pandemic is not over yet. This paper intends to provide knowledge on the development of the pandemic in Brazil and therefore to feed into the reflection on the policies implemented or to be promoted to combat it. The study has two objectives: to identify the risk factors for contracting COVID-19 and dying from it, according to different social categories; to highlight potential transmission channels as well as the effect of a number of measures. Carried out at the level of all Brazilian municipalities (5,570), the analysis is based on the matching of different statistical and administrative databases, involving the processing of tens of millions of observations. To our knowledge, it is the first of its kind in Brazil. The econometric analysis conducted in five points in time shows three main results. First, structurally vulnerable populations are the most affected: non-white, poor, poor health, favela residents, informal people, highlighting the effect of socioeconomic inequalities when facing of the disease. Second, "density" (both within neighborhoods and housing) and "mobility" are decisive. Third, we highlight some policies consequences. In the municipios where containment measures were taken earlier, the pandemic is better controlled. The Auxilio emergencial has a mitigating effect in localities where there are relatively more informal workers, who can, thanks to it, limit their business trips and better protect themselves. Finally, COVID-19 hits the most in the municipios more favorable to President Bolsonaro. The president's ambiguous speech and attitudes may induce his supporters to adopt risky behavior more often and to suffer the consequences. _____________________________________________________________________ No início de outubro de 2020, o Brasil era um dos países mais afetados pela COVID-19, tanto em número de casos comprovados (3º) quanto em número de óbitos (2º), enquanto a primeira onda da pandemia ainda não tinha terminado. Este artigo pretende fornecer novos conhecimentos sobre o desenvolvimento da pandemia no Brasil e, portanto, alimentar a reflexão sobre as políticas implementadas ou a serem promovidas para combatê-la. O estudo tem dois objetivos: identificar os fatores de risco para contrair e morrer de COVID-19, segundo diferentes categorias sociais; realçar os canais de transmissão potenciais, bem como o efeito de uma série de medidas. Realizada ao nível de todos os municípios do país (5.570), a análise baseia-se no confronto de diferentes bases de dados estatísticos e administrativos, envolvendo o processamento de dezenas de milhões de observações. Até onde sabemos, é o primeiro estudo do gênero no Brasil. As estimativas econométricas, referentes a cinco datas differentes, mostram três resultados principais. Em primeiro lugar, as populações estruturalmente vulneráveis são as mais afetadas: não brancos, pobres, saúde precária, moradores de favelas, trabalhadores informais, evidenciando o efeito das desigualdades socioeconômicas frente à doença. Em segundo lugar, os fatores de "densidade" (tanto dentro dos bairros quanto na habitação) e "mobilidade" são decisivos. Terceiro, destacamos a influência de elementos da política e similares. Nos municípios onde as medidas de contenção foram tomadas mais cedo, a pandemia é melhor controlada. O Auxilio Emergencial tem um efeito mitigador nas localidades onde há relativamente mais trabalhadores informais, que podem, graças a ele, limitar seus deslocamentos para o trabalho e proteger-se melhor. Finalmente, a CoVid-19 causa mais estragos nos municípios mais favoráveis ao presidente Bolsonaro. O discurso ambíguo do presidente poderia estar induzindo seus apoiadores a adotarem comportamentos de risco com mais frequência e a sofrerem as consequências.

Suggested Citation

  • François Roubaud & Mireille Razafindrakoto & João Saboia & Marta Castilho & Valeria Pero, 2020. "Municípios in the time of Covid-19 in Brazil: socioeconomic vulnerabilities, transmission mechanisms and public policies," Working Papers DT/2020/12, DIAL (Développement, Institutions et Mondialisation).
  • Handle: RePEc:dia:wpaper:dt202012
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Fabio Bento & Kalliu Carvalho Couto, 2021. "A Behavioral Perspective on Community Resilience during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Case of Paraisópolis in São Paulo, Brazil," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(3), pages 1-18, January.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Brazil; COVID-19; Municipalities; Socioeconomic Inequality; Informality; Public Policy; Brasil; COVID-19; Municípios; Desigualdades Socioeconômicas; Informalidade; Politicas Públicas;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • I14 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Health - - - Health and Inequality
    • I18 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Health - - - Government Policy; Regulation; Public Health
    • I38 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty - - - Government Programs; Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs
    • O17 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Development - - - Formal and Informal Sectors; Shadow Economy; Institutional Arrangements
    • O54 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economywide Country Studies - - - Latin America; Caribbean

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