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Démocratie électorale et inertie institutionnelle à Madagascar

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  • François Roubaud

    (DIAL, IRD, Paris)

Abstract

(English) A period of deep disillusionment followed the wave of enthusiasm provoked by the numerous democratic transitions in Africa in the early 90’s. The setting up of these democratically elected regimes has not in fact pulled Africa out of its economic stagnation. Also this democratisation process has proven to be reversible. This study proposes an assessment of a decade of democracy in Madagascar that paradoxically remains unknown and underestimated. What is the scope of the shifts that occurred in the political regulation mode? Won’t democratic mechanisms be perverted by the rise of community, and particularly ethnic tensions? Generally speaking, are the principles of democratic representation consistent with the cultural and identity basis, which rule the social structures in Africa? The author uses quantitative electoral sociology concepts and tools to try to answer and understand how identity and democracy combine. For the first time in Africa, the analysis uses representative surveys to approach the determining elements of the vote, the role of political parties, the ethnic question, casts, religions, and it studies the interaction between the different dimensions. This original approach goes beyond the sole interpretation of the Malagasy case. The confrontation of the results obtained with the more classical ones from sociology and Africanist politology opens up new paths which need to be considered. One of the most significant conclusions of this study is that the danger hanging over the Malagasy democracy is not due to the electors, but to the government and its political elite. _________________________________ (français) A la vague d’enthousiasme engendrée par la multiplication des transitions démocratiques en Afrique du début des années 90 a succédé une période de désillusion profonde. Non seulement, la mise en place de régimes démocratiquement élus n’a pas sorti l’Afrique du marasme économique, mais le processus s’est révélé réversible. Cette étude se propose de tirer le bilan d'une décennie d'expérience démocratique à Madagascar, qui paradoxalement reste très largement méconnue et sous-estimée. Quelle est la portée des changements intervenus dans le mode de régulation politique? Les mécanismes démocratiques ne risquentils pas d’être dévoyés par la montée des tensions communautaires, notamment ethniques ? Plus largement, les principes de la représentation démocratique, au-delà de leurs aspects formels, sont-ils compatibles avec les fondements culturels et identitaires qui régissent les structures sociales en Afrique ? Pour répondre à ces questions et tenter de comprendre comment se conjuguent identités et démocratie, l’auteur applique les concepts et les instruments de la sociologie électorale quantitative. Pour la première fois en Afrique, l’analyse mobilise des enquêtes représentatives pour aborder les déterminants du vote, le rôle des partis politiques, la question ethnique, des castes et des religions, et étudier les interactions entre ces différentes dimensions. Cette approche originale dépasse la simple interprétation du cas malgache. La confrontation des résultats obtenus dans ce cadre avec ceux, plus classiques, de la sociologie ou de la politologie africaniste ouvre des pistes qui méritent d’être creusées. Une conclusion forte de cette étude est que les risques qui pèsent sur la démocratie malgache ne proviennent pas de ses électeurs, mais de son Etat et de ses élites politiques.

Suggested Citation

  • François Roubaud, 2001. "Démocratie électorale et inertie institutionnelle à Madagascar," Working Papers DT/2001/03, DIAL (Développement, Institutions et Mondialisation).
  • Handle: RePEc:dia:wpaper:dt200103
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    Cited by:

    1. Mireille Razafindrakoto & François Roubaud & Jean-Michel Wachsberger, 2013. "Institutions, gouvernance et croissance de long terme à Madagascar : l'enigme et le paradoxe," Working Papers DT/2013/13, DIAL (Développement, Institutions et Mondialisation).
    2. Mireille Razafindrakoto & François Roubaud & Jean-Michel Wachsberger, 2014. "Jalons pour une économie politique de la trajectoire malgache : une perspective de long terme," Working Papers DT/2014/21, DIAL (Développement, Institutions et Mondialisation).
    3. repec:dau:papers:123456789/14464 is not listed on IDEAS
    4. repec:dau:papers:123456789/12014 is not listed on IDEAS

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