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El aporte de las concesiones mediante APP en infraestructura de transporte al crecimiento y el bienestar de Colombia

Author

Listed:
  • Juan Benavides (Dir. proy.)
  • César Pabón, (Inv.)
  • Alejandra, González (Asis.)

Abstract

A pesar del rezago histórico en el desarrollo de carreteras en Colombia, el país ha experimentado un notable aumento en la inversión en infraestructura en las últimas décadas. Mientras que en el siglo XX la inversión promedio representaba alrededor del 1,0% del PIB, en este siglo ha aumentado a un promedio cercano al 1,5%. Este incremento ha sido impulsado por las APP, las cuales han permitido la construcción de aproximadamente 10.000 km de carreteras principales que no hubieran sido viables mediante contratos de obra pública debido a las condiciones fiscales del país. Las concesiones mediante APP han contribuido al crecimiento económico de Colombia a través de los encadenamientos hacia atrás de las obras civiles y la reducción de los costos de transporte, lo que aumenta la competitividad del país y el bienestar social. Basado en un estudio elaborado por Mejía y Delgado (2020) se encontró que por cada incremento del 0,7% del PIB en la inversión en infraestructura, en promedio anual durante los próximos 10 anos, la tasa de crecimiento económico aumentaría en 1 punto porcentual y se traduciría en una reducción promedio de 0,8 pps en la tasa de desempleo y de 0,6 pps en la tasa de pobreza. Además, al cuantificar el impacto macroeconómico de la inversión en los sectores asociados a la infraestructura, se estima que, por cada peso invertido en obras civiles se traduce en 2,25 pesos en la producción nacional, 2,46 pesos en salarios y 4,90 pesos en impuestos. Por otro lado, los avances de Colombia en las APP son notorios y reconocidos a nivel internacional, tanto en el ámbito institucional como en la capacidad de estructuración y asignación de riesgos, así como en la financiación. Sin embargo, en los últimos meses, ha surgido una gran incertidumbre en relación con las senales y anuncios del gobierno que podrían afectar la estabilidad a mediano y largo plazo de este modelo. Un ejemplo de ello es la congelación de las tarifas de los peajes mediante el Decreto 050 de enero de 2023. Se estima que esta medida podría generar una contingencia fiscal de alrededor de $13,8 billones en los próximos anos, que es el monto estimado del déficit a largo plazo a favor de los concesionarios, lo cual también impactaría las finanzas del Estado. En este contexto, Fedesarrollo hace un llamado a mantener la claridad en las reglas de juego para garantizar la sostenibilidad del modelo de APP, especialmente en un contexto de desaceleración económica como el actual.*******Abstract: Despite the historical lag in road development in Colombia, the country has experienced a significant increase in infrastructure investment in recent decades. While average investment represented around 1.0% of the GDP in the 20th century, it has risen to an average of nearly 1.5% in this century. This increase has been driven by Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs), which have enabled the construction of approximately 10,000 km of major roads that would not have been feasible through public works contracts due to the country's fiscal conditions. Additionally, PPP concessions have contributed to Colombia's economic growth through backward linkages in civil works and the reduction of transportation costs, thereby enhancing the country's competitiveness and social well-being. Based on a study conducted by Mejía and Delgado (2020), it was found that for every 0.7% increase in infrastructure investment as a percentage of GDP on an average annual basis over the next 10 years, the economic growth rate would increase by 1 percentage point. This would result in an average reduction of 0.8 percentage points in the unemployment rate and a reduction of 0.6 percentage points in the poverty rate. Moreover, quantifying the macroeconomic impact of investment in infrastructure-related sectors suggests a wide multiplier effect on the economy. For example, each peso invested in civil works translates into 2.25 pesos in national production, 2.46 pesos in wages, and 4.90 pesos in taxes. On the other hand, Colombia's advancements in PPPs are well-recognized internationally, both in terms of institutional aspects and capabilities in structuring, risk allocation, and financing. However, in recent months, significant uncertainty has arisen regarding the signals and announcements from the government that could affect the medium- and long-term stability of this model. An example of this is the freezing of toll rates through Decree 050 of January 2023. This measure is estimated to generate a fiscal contingency of approximately $13.8 trillion in the coming years, which is the estimated long-term deficit owed to concessionaires, and it would also impact the state's finances. In this context, Fedesarrollo calls for maintaining clarity in the rules of the game to ensure the sustainability of the PPP model, especially in the current economic slowdown.

Suggested Citation

  • Juan Benavides (Dir. proy.) & César Pabón, (Inv.) & Alejandra, González (Asis.), 2023. "El aporte de las concesiones mediante APP en infraestructura de transporte al crecimiento y el bienestar de Colombia," Working Papers Series. Documentos de Trabajo 20784, Fedesarrollo.
  • Handle: RePEc:col:000123:020784
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    File URL: http://hdl.handle.net/11445/4433
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Alianzas Público-Privadas (APP); Infraestructura de Transporte; Inversiones en Transporte; Impacto Macroeconómico; Public-Private Partnerships (PPP); Transportation Infrastructure; Transportation Investments; Macroeconomic Impact;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • E40 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Money and Interest Rates - - - General
    • O18 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Development - - - Urban, Rural, Regional, and Transportation Analysis; Housing; Infrastructure
    • L74 - Industrial Organization - - Industry Studies: Primary Products and Construction - - - Construction

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