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Complexity-Based Analysis Of The Alterations In The Structure Of Coronaviruses

Author

Listed:
  • HAMIDREZA NAMAZI

    (College of Engineering and Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia†Center for Basic and Applied Research, Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czechia)

  • ALI SELAMAT

    (��Center for Basic and Applied Research, Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czechia‡Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Kuala Lumpur, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia§Media and Games Center of Excellence (MagicX), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia and School of Computing, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi, Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia)

  • ONDREJ KREJCAR

    (��Center for Basic and Applied Research, Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czechia‡Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Kuala Lumpur, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia)

Abstract

The coronavirus has influenced the lives of many people since its identification in 1960. In general, there are seven types of coronavirus. Although some types of this virus, including 229E, NL63, OC43, and HKU1, cause mild to moderate illness, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 have shown to have severer effects on the human body. Specifically, the recent known type of coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, has affected the lives of many people around the world since late 2019 with the disease named COVID-19. In this paper, for the first time, we investigated the variations among the complex structures of coronaviruses. We employed the fractal dimension, approximate entropy, and sample entropy as the measures of complexity. Based on the obtained results, SARS-CoV-2 has a significantly different complex structure than SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. To study the high mutation rate of SARS-CoV-2, we also analyzed the long-term memory of genome walks for different coronaviruses using the Hurst exponent. The results demonstrated that the SARS-CoV-2 shows the lowest memory in its genome walk, explaining the errors in copying the sequences along the genome that results in the virus mutation.

Suggested Citation

  • Hamidreza Namazi & Ali Selamat & Ondrej Krejcar, 2021. "Complexity-Based Analysis Of The Alterations In The Structure Of Coronaviruses," FRACTALS (fractals), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 29(02), pages 1-11, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:wsi:fracta:v:29:y:2021:i:02:n:s0218348x21501231
    DOI: 10.1142/S0218348X21501231
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