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Thufur formation in northern Iceland and its relation to holocene climate change

Author

Listed:
  • Brigitte Van Vliet‐Lanoë
  • O. Bourgeois
  • O. Dauteuil

Abstract

This paper compares thufur formation in the northern volcanic zone of Iceland with that of other periglacial hummock forms. The aim of this work is to further the understanding of the extent of thufur in Iceland, in terms of cryogenic mechanisms related to specific edaphic conditions. Thufur may be considered to be hummocks, of a mainly minerogenic nature and specifically developed in volcanic loesses on drained basaltic rocks or openwork glacial or fluvio‐glacial substratum. They are thus connected to the oceanic cold climate as well as to the occurrence of volcanic loesses with specific physical properties resting on permeable substratum. Their development does not rely on either permafrost or a water table. Rather, they result from deep seasonal freezing, with exaggerated frost heave limited by snow accumulation along with the development of injection patterns along dilation cracks. Thufur may be considered as a subtype of hummock, or of raised‐centre non‐sorted polygons related to seasonal frost and snowdrift. In Iceland, the high geothermal gradient may, through exaggerated frost heave, enhance hummocky microrelief locally. Thufur expansion is related to the post‐Hypsithermal (Atlantic) climate degradation of the Holocene linked to orbital forcing. Thanks to tephro‐stratigraphy, it is possible to define several main episodes of thufur growth: around 4500 BP; after 2600 BP; prior to colonization (1104 AD); as well as two phases during the Little Ice Age. These growth phases are coherent with the pedoclimatic record on both sides of the North Atlantic. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Cet article compare la formation des thufur dans la zone volcanique nord de l'Islande à celle des hummocks. Le but du travail est de comprendre le pourquoi de l'extension actuelle des thufur, en terme de mécanismes cryogènes couplés à des conditions édaphiques spécifiques. Les thufur peuvent être considérés comme des hummocks, de nature plutôt minérale. Dans ce contexte climatique océanique, leur apparition est subordonnée à celle des loess volcaniques à caractéristiques physiques particulières, reposant sur un substrat drainant, de nature basaltique ou fluvio‐glaciaire. Leur développement n'est pas subordonné à la présence du pergélisol ni à celle d'une nappe phréatique. Ces formes résultent d'un gel saisonnier profond, accompagné par un gonflement cryogénique exagéré, limité par une accumulation locale de la neige, par la formation d'injections internes le long de fentes de tension. Les thufur peuvent être considérés comme une variété d'hummock, ou de polygone non‐trié à centre surélevé contrôlé par le gel saisonnier et la dynamique de la couverture neigeuse. En Islande, la présence locale d'un gradient géothermique élevé peut accentuer leur morphologie en hummock en augmentant le gonflement cryogénique. Leur apparition est liée à la dégradation climatique post‐Atlantique (Hypsithermal), sous contrôle du forçage astronomique. Grâce à la téphrostratigraphie, il est possible de définir plusieurs épisodes principaux de la croissance des hummocks: vers 4500 BP; après 2600 BP; à la veille de la colonisation (1104 AD); et deux épisodes pendant le Petit Age Glaciaire. Ces phases de croissance sont cohérentes avec l'enregistrement pédoclimatique effectué part et d'autre de l'Atlantique Nord. Copyright © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Suggested Citation

  • Brigitte Van Vliet‐Lanoë & O. Bourgeois & O. Dauteuil, 1998. "Thufur formation in northern Iceland and its relation to holocene climate change," Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 9(4), pages 347-365, October.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:perpro:v:9:y:1998:i:4:p:347-365
    DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1530(199810/12)9:43.0.CO;2-4
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